Abstract
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global writing instruments market, projecting steady growth from 2026 through 2032. Covering diverse product types such as pens, pencils, and markers, the study examines key applications across the education, office, and industrial sectors. Market dynamics are shaped by increasing demand for ergonomic, sustainable, and personalized stationery, alongside a shift toward refillable and eco-friendly designs. Additionally, the research evaluates competitive strategies, regional trends, and emerging opportunities within the evolving global landscape.
Related Questions
US$ 18023 million in 2025
4.2% (2026 to 2032)
Newell Brands Inc., BIC, Pilot Corporation, Mitsubishi Pencil, Faber-Castell AG, M&G Stationery, STAEDTLER, Zebra, Pentel, Deli Group, Schwan-STABILO, Tombow Pencil, Sakura Color Products Corporation, Flair Pens, Cello World Ltd., Linc Limited, Beifa Group, TrueColor Stationery, Snowhite Stationery, Wenzhou Aihao Pen, Guangdong Baoke Stationery, Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery, Luxor, Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH, Lamy GmbH, Caran d'Ache SA, Maped SAS
Education demand, Office and industrial requirements, Consumption upgrading and personalization
Summary
Market Overview
The global Writing Instruments market is projected to grow from US$ 18023 million in 2025 to US$ 23951 million in 2032, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2026 to 2032.
In 2025, global production of writing instruments reached approximately 90 billion units, with an average global market price of $0.2 per unit.
Product Definition and Characteristics
Definition
Writing instruments are stationery tools utilized for writing, marking, annotating, drawing symbols, and recording information on various surfaces, including paper, whiteboards, labels, packaging materials, and other writable media.
Product Categories and Components
- Main Categories: Ballpoint pens, gel pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens, signature pens, graphite pencils, mechanical pencils, refills, ink, highlighters, whiteboard markers, permanent markers, fineliners, brush pens, and selected functional marking pens.
- Key Components: Barrel, cap or retractable mechanism, tip or ball, lead or ink delivery system, ink reservoir, grip, and packaging.
Performance Determinants
Product performance is primarily evaluated based on:
- Writing smoothness
- Ink stability and drying speed
- Leakage resistance
- Tip precision
- Color performance
- Grip comfort
- Durability
- Cost efficiency
Industry Analysis
Global Industry Perspective
Writing instruments serve as a fundamental stationery category across multiple sectors, including education, offices, creative design, business signing, industrial marking, and gift consumption. Despite the rise of digital office tools and electronic learning devices, writing instruments maintain significant value in school learning, examinations, office signatures, journaling, art drawing, warehouse marking, and field operations due to their low cost, portability, immediate usability, and independence from electronic devices.
By product type, the industry is segmented into pens, pencils, coloring instruments, markers, and highlighters, with pens representing the broadest and most frequently used core category.
Industry Trends
- Product Evolution: Movement toward improved ergonomics, greater market segmentation, sustainability, refillability, enhanced visual design, multifunctionality, and expansion of online channels.
- Shifting Demands: While traditional competition focused on price, smoothness, and durability, current market demand emphasizes grip comfort, low-friction writing, fast-drying and smudge-resistant ink, color variety, tip stability, ink safety, and sophisticated product design.
- User-Specific Preferences:
- Students and Office Users: Focus on value, bulk purchasing, and reliable supply.
- Journaling, Art, Creative, and Gifting Markets: Prioritize color systems, aesthetics, brand identity, and personalization.
- Sustainability and Innovation: Increased importance of refillable cartridges, replaceable refills, recycled plastics, bio-based materials, and reduced packaging. Sustainability and digital substitution are identified as key variables affecting the industry.
Key Growth Drivers
1. Education: A fundamental demand source driven by schooling, tutoring, examinations, and home learning (supporting demand for pencils, gel pens, ballpoint pens, highlighters, and coloring instruments). UNESCO reports approximately 264 million students are enrolled in higher education globally, providing a massive long-term user base. 2. Professional and Industrial Requirements: Offices, businesses, government agencies, healthcare, logistics, and industrial sites require high volumes of low-cost, immediately available tools for signing, recording, and marking. 3. Consumption Upgrading and Personalization: A shift toward higher-quality, design-led, gift-oriented, and creative-expression products beyond ordinary consumables.
Report Scope and Methodology
Research Overview
Produced by LP Information, Inc. (LPI), the “Writing Instruments Industry Forecast” reviews total world Writing Instruments sales in 2025 and provides a comprehensive analysis of projected sales from 2026 through 2032. The report offers detailed analysis in US$ millions across various regions, market sectors, and sub-sectors.
Analytical Focus
This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global landscape, highlighting key trends in:
- Product segmentation
- Company formation
- Revenue and market share
- Latest developments and M&A activity
- Leading company strategies (including portfolios, capabilities, market entry, market positions, and geographic footprints)
This study evaluates market trends, drivers, and affecting factors to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity using a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs.
Market Segmentation
By Type
- Ballpoint Pens
- Gel Pens
- Rollerball Pens
- Fountain Pens
- Pencils & Mechanical Pencils
- Markers & Highlighters
- Other
By Customer Type
- Institutional Procurement (B2B & B2G)
- Individual Consumer Purchase (B2C)
By Sales Channel
- Online
- Offline
By Application
- Education
- Office & Business
- Household & Daily Use
- Other
By Region
- Americas: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil
- APAC: China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia
- Europe: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia
- Middle East & Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Turkey, GCC Countries
Competitive Landscape
Key companies profiled based on primary expert input, product portfolio, and market penetration include:
- Newell Brands Inc.
- BIC
- Pilot Corporation
- Mitsubishi Pencil
- Faber-Castell AG
- M&G Stationery
- STAEDTLER
- Zebra
- Pentel
- Deli Group
- Schwan-STABILO
- Tombow Pencil
- Sakura Color Products Corporation
- Flair Pens
- Cello World Ltd.
- Linc Limited
- Beifa Group
- TrueColor Stationery
- Snowhite Stationery
- Wenzhou Aihao Pen
- Guangdong Baoke Stationery
- Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery
- Luxor
- Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH
- Lamy GmbH
- Caran d'Ache SA
- Maped SAS
Key Questions Addressed
- What is the 10-year outlook for the global Writing Instruments market?
- What factors are driving Writing Instruments market growth, globally and by region?
- Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
- How do Writing Instruments market opportunities vary by end market size?
- How does Writing Instruments break out by Type and by Application?
Table of Contents
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global Writing Instruments Annual Sales 2021-2032
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Writing Instruments by Geographic Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Writing Instruments by Country/Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
2.2 Writing Instruments Segment by Type
2.2.1 Ballpoint Pens
2.2.2 Gel Pens
2.2.3 Rollerball Pens
2.2.4 Fountain Pens
2.2.5 Pencils & Mechanical Pencils
2.2.6 Markers & Highlighters
2.2.7 Other
2.2.8 Writing Instruments Sales by Type
- 2.2.8.1 Global Writing Instruments Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 2.2.8.2 Global Writing Instruments Revenue and Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 2.2.8.3 Global Writing Instruments Sale Price by Type (2021-2026)
2.3 Writing Instruments Segment by Customer Type
2.3.1 Institutional Procurement (B2B&B2G)
2.3.2 Individual Consumer Purchase (B2C)
2.3.3 Writing Instruments Sales by Customer Type
- 2.3.3.1 Global Writing Instruments Sales Market Share by Customer Type (2021-2026)
- 2.3.3.2 Global Writing Instruments Revenue and Market Share by Customer Type (2021-2026)
- 2.3.3.3 Global Writing Instruments Sale Price by Customer Type (2021-2026)
2.4 Writing Instruments Segment by Sales Channel
2.4.1 Online
2.4.2 Offline
2.4.3 Writing Instruments Sales by Sales Channel
- 2.4.3.1 Global Writing Instruments Sales Market Share by Sales Channel (2021-2026)
- 2.4.3.2 Global Writing Instruments Revenue and Market Share by Sales Channel (2021-2026)
- 2.4.3.3 Global Writing Instruments Sale Price by Sales Channel (2021-2026)
2.5 Writing Instruments Segment by Application
2.5.1 Education
2.5.2 Office & Business
2.5.3 Household & Daily Use
2.5.4 Other
2.5.5 Writing Instruments Sales by Application
- 2.5.5.1 Global Writing Instruments Sale Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5.2 Global Writing Instruments Revenue and Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5.3 Global Writing Instruments Sale Price by Application (2021-2026)
3 Global by Company
3.1 Global Writing Instruments Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global Writing Instruments Annual Sales by Company (2021-2026)
3.1.2 Global Writing Instruments Sales Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
3.2 Global Writing Instruments Annual Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
3.2.1 Global Writing Instruments Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
3.2.2 Global Writing Instruments Revenue Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
3.3 Global Writing Instruments Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers Writing Instruments Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Writing Instruments Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players Writing Instruments Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy
4 World Historic Review for Writing Instruments by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic Writing Instruments Market Size by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.1.1 Global Writing Instruments Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.1.2 Global Writing Instruments Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.2 World Historic Writing Instruments Market Size by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.2.1 Global Writing Instruments Annual Sales by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.2.2 Global Writing Instruments Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.3 Americas Writing Instruments Sales Growth
4.4 APAC Writing Instruments Sales Growth
4.5 Europe Writing Instruments Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa Writing Instruments Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas Writing Instruments Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas Writing Instruments Sales by Country (2021-2026)
5.1.2 Americas Writing Instruments Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
5.2 Americas Writing Instruments Sales by Type (2021-2026)
5.3 Americas Writing Instruments Sales by Application (2021-2026)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC Writing Instruments Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC Writing Instruments Sales by Region (2021-2026)
6.1.2 APAC Writing Instruments Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
6.2 APAC Writing Instruments Sales by Type (2021-2026)
6.3 APAC Writing Instruments Sales by Application (2021-2026)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Writing Instruments by Country
7.1.1 Europe Writing Instruments Sales by Country (2021-2026)
7.1.2 Europe Writing Instruments Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
7.2 Europe Writing Instruments Sales by Type (2021-2026)
7.3 Europe Writing Instruments Sales by Application (2021-2026)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa Writing Instruments by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Writing Instruments Sales by Country (2021-2026)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Writing Instruments Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
8.2 Middle East & Africa Writing Instruments Sales by Type (2021-2026)
8.3 Middle East & Africa Writing Instruments Sales by Application (2021-2026)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Writing Instruments
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Writing Instruments
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Writing Instruments
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 Writing Instruments Distributors
11.3 Writing Instruments Customer
12 World Forecast Review for Writing Instruments by Geographic Region
12.1 Global Writing Instruments Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global Writing Instruments Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.1.2 Global Writing Instruments Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.6 Global Writing Instruments Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
12.7 Global Writing Instruments Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 Newell Brands Inc.
13.1.1 Newell Brands Inc. Company Information
13.1.2 Newell Brands Inc. Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.1.3 Newell Brands Inc. Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.1.4 Newell Brands Inc. Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Newell Brands Inc. Latest Developments
13.2 BIC
13.2.1 BIC Company Information
13.2.2 BIC Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.2.3 BIC Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.2.4 BIC Main Business Overview
13.2.5 BIC Latest Developments
13.3 Pilot Corporation
13.3.1 Pilot Corporation Company Information
13.3.2 Pilot Corporation Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.3.3 Pilot Corporation Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.3.4 Pilot Corporation Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Pilot Corporation Latest Developments
13.4 Mitsubishi Pencil
13.4.1 Mitsubishi Pencil Company Information
13.4.2 Mitsubishi Pencil Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.4.3 Mitsubishi Pencil Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.4.4 Mitsubishi Pencil Main Business Overview
13.4.5 Mitsubishi Pencil Latest Developments
13.5 Faber-Castell AG
13.5.1 Faber-Castell AG Company Information
13.5.2 Faber-Castell AG Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.5.3 Faber-Castell AG Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.5.4 Faber-Castell AG Main Business Overview
13.5.5 Faber-Castell AG Latest Developments
13.6 M&G Stationery
13.6.1 M&G Stationery Company Information
13.6.2 M&G Stationery Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.6.3 M&G Stationery Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.6.4 M&G Stationery Main Business Overview
13.6.5 M&G Stationery Latest Developments
13.7 STAEDTLER
13.7.1 STAEDTLER Company Information
13.7.2 STAEDTLER Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.7.3 STAEDTLER Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.7.4 STAEDTLER Main Business Overview
13.7.5 STAEDTLER Latest Developments
13.8 Zebra
13.8.1 Zebra Company Information
13.8.2 Zebra Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.8.3 Zebra Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.8.4 Zebra Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Zebra Latest Developments
13.9 Pentel
13.9.1 Pentel Company Information
13.9.2 Pentel Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.9.3 Pentel Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.9.4 Pentel Main Business Overview
13.9.5 Pentel Latest Developments
13.10 Deli Group
13.10.1 Deli Group Company Information
13.10.2 Deli Group Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.10.3 Deli Group Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.10.4 Deli Group Main Business Overview
13.10.5 Deli Group Latest Developments
13.11 Schwan-STABILO
13.11.1 Schwan-STABILO Company Information
13.11.2 Schwan-STABILO Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.11.3 Schwan-STABILO Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.11.4 Schwan-STABILO Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Schwan-STABILO Latest Developments
13.12 Tombow Pencil
13.12.1 Tombow Pencil Company Information
13.12.2 Tombow Pencil Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.12.3 Tombow Pencil Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.12.4 Tombow Pencil Main Business Overview
13.12.5 Tombow Pencil Latest Developments
13.13 Sakura Color Products Corporation
13.13.1 Sakura Color Products Corporation Company Information
13.13.2 Sakura Color Products Corporation Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.13.3 Sakura Color Products Corporation Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.13.4 Sakura Color Products Corporation Main Business Overview
13.13.5 Sakura Color Products Corporation Latest Developments
13.14 Flair Pens
13.14.1 Flair Pens Company Information
13.14.2 Flair Pens Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.14.3 Flair Pens Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.14.4 Flair Pens Main Business Overview
13.14.5 Flair Pens Latest Developments
13.15 Cello World Ltd.
13.15.1 Cello World Ltd. Company Information
13.15.2 Cello World Ltd. Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.15.3 Cello World Ltd. Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.15.4 Cello World Ltd. Main Business Overview
13.15.5 Cello World Ltd. Latest Developments
13.16 Linc Limited
13.16.1 Linc Limited Company Information
13.16.2 Linc Limited Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.16.3 Linc Limited Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.16.4 Linc Limited Main Business Overview
13.16.5 Linc Limited Latest Developments
13.17 Beifa Group
13.17.1 Beifa Group Company Information
13.17.2 Beifa Group Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.17.3 Beifa Group Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.17.4 Beifa Group Main Business Overview
13.17.5 Beifa Group Latest Developments
13.18 TrueColor Stationery
13.18.1 TrueColor Stationery Company Information
13.18.2 TrueColor Stationery Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.18.3 TrueColor Stationery Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.18.4 TrueColor Stationery Main Business Overview
13.18.5 TrueColor Stationery Latest Developments
13.19 Snowhite Stationery
13.19.1 Snowhite Stationery Company Information
13.19.2 Snowhite Stationery Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.19.3 Snowhite Stationery Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.19.4 Snowhite Stationery Main Business Overview
13.19.5 Snowhite Stationery Latest Developments
13.20 Wenzhou Aihao Pen
13.20.1 Wenzhou Aihao Pen Company Information
13.20.2 Wenzhou Aihao Pen Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.20.3 Wenzhou Aihao Pen Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.20.4 Wenzhou Aihao Pen Main Business Overview
13.20.5 Wenzhou Aihao Pen Latest Developments
13.21 Guangdong Baoke Stationery
13.21.1 Guangdong Baoke Stationery Company Information
13.21.2 Guangdong Baoke Stationery Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.21.3 Guangdong Baoke Stationery Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.21.4 Guangdong Baoke Stationery Main Business Overview
13.21.5 Guangdong Baoke Stationery Latest Developments
13.22 Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery
13.22.1 Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery Company Information
13.22.2 Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.22.3 Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.22.4 Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery Main Business Overview
13.22.5 Guangdong Jinwannian Stationery Latest Developments
13.23 Luxor
13.23.1 Luxor Company Information
13.23.2 Luxor Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.23.3 Luxor Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.23.4 Luxor Main Business Overview
13.23.5 Luxor Latest Developments
13.24 Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH
13.24.1 Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH Company Information
13.24.2 Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.24.3 Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.24.4 Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH Main Business Overview
13.24.5 Schneider Schreibgeräte GmbH Latest Developments
13.25 Lamy GmbH
13.25.1 Lamy GmbH Company Information
13.25.2 Lamy GmbH Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.25.3 Lamy GmbH Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.25.4 Lamy GmbH Main Business Overview
13.25.5 Lamy GmbH Latest Developments
13.26 Caran d'Ache SA
13.26.1 Caran d'Ache SA Company Information
13.26.2 Caran d'Ache SA Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.26.3 Caran d'Ache SA Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.26.4 Caran d'Ache SA Main Business Overview
13.26.5 Caran d'Ache SA Latest Developments
13.27 Maped SAS
13.27.1 Maped SAS Company Information
13.27.2 Maped SAS Writing Instruments Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.27.3 Maped SAS Writing Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.27.4 Maped SAS Main Business Overview
13.27.5 Maped SAS Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion