Abstract
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers market, projecting growth and trends through 2032. It examines key segments including thermal and Coriolis mass flow types across medical, chemical, and semiconductor applications. The study highlights the technology's advantages, such as drift-free accuracy and electromagnetic compatibility, while evaluating competitive landscapes and regional dynamics in the Americas, APAC, and Europe. Leading players and strategic market drivers are detailed to identify emerging opportunities within this evolving industry.
Related Questions
Axetris, Integrated Sensing Systems, Omron, Sierra Instruments, Bronkhorst High-Tech, MKS, Horiba, Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power, Sensirion, PHIX, Bürkert, McMillan Flow Products, Flusso, lnnovative Sensor Technology, Renesas Electronics, ES Systems, First Sensor, Siargo, Winsen Electronics, Weina Ganzhi, Aosong Electronic, Meitek, Memsensing Microsystems, Aceinna, AIoTSensing, Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology, Crystal, Hongxin Sensor
Summary
Market Overview
The global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers market is projected to experience significant growth from 2025 through 2032, expanding at a steady compound annual growth rate over the forecast period.
Mass Flow Controllers (MFC) are specialized devices utilized for the measurement and control of liquid and gas flows.
Technology Advantages
The primary advantage of MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers is the absence of measurable drift. Drift refers to the slow change in zero and measured values for a specific flow rate, which directly impacts measurement accuracy. Furthermore, MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers offer the following technical benefits:
- Electromagnetic Compatibility: They are compatible with their electromagnetic (EM) environment and do not emit electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels of EM energy that cause signal distortion.
- Durability and Precision: Because the sensor is not affected by mechanical or thermal stress, the technology results in a drift-free sensor and ensures long-term device accuracy.
Regional Market Analysis
United States
The United States market for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers is expected to see continuous growth from 2025 through 2032.
China
The China market for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers is estimated to increase steadily throughout the forecast period from 2025 to 2032.
Europe
The Europe market for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers is projected to expand over the period from 2025 to 2032.
Market Segmentation
By Type
- Thermal Mass Flow
- Coriolis Mass Flow
- Others
By Application
- Medical
- Chemical
- Semiconductor
- Others
By Geography
- Americas: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil
- APAC: China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia
- Europe: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia
- Middle East & Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Turkey, GCC Countries
Competitive Landscape
Key Industry Insights
LP Information, Inc. (LPI) 's latest research report, "MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Industry Forecast," evaluates past sales and reviews total global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers sales in 2025. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of projected sales for 2026 through 2032, broken down by region, market sector, and sub-sector, providing detailed analysis in US$ millions.
This Insight Report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global landscape, highlighting key trends in:
- Product segmentation
- Company formation
- Revenue and market share
- Latest developments and M&A activity
Additionally, the report analyzes the strategies of leading global companies, focusing on their MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints to understand their unique positions in an accelerating market.
Using a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, the study evaluates key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity across type, application, geography, and market size.
Key Players
The following companies have been profiled based on primary expert input and analysis of their market coverage, product portfolios, and market penetration:
- Axetris
- Integrated Sensing Systems
- Omron
- Sierra Instruments
- Bronkhorst High-Tech
- MKS
- Horiba
- Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power
- Sensirion
- PHIX
- Bürkert
- McMillan Flow Products
- Flusso
- lnnovative Sensor Technology
- Renesas Electronics
- ES Systems
- First Sensor
- Siargo
- Winsen Electronics
- Weina Ganzhi
- Aosong Electronic
- Meitek
- Memsensing Microsystems
- Aceinna
- AIoTSensing
- Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology
- Crystal
- Hongxin Sensor
Market Concentration: In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied a significant portion of the market share in 2025.
Key Questions Addressed
- What is the 10-year outlook for the global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers market?
- What factors are driving MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers market growth, globally and by region?
- Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
- How do MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers market opportunities vary by end market size?
- How does MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers break out by Type and by Application?
Table of Contents
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Sales 2021-2032
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers by Geographic Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers by Country/Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
2.2 MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Segment by Type
2.2.1 Thermal Mass Flow
2.2.2 Coriolis Mass Flow
2.2.3 Others
2.2.4 MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Type
- 2.2.4.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 2.2.4.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue and Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 2.2.4.3 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sale Price by Type (2021-2026)
2.3 MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Segment by Application
2.3.1 Medical
2.3.2 Chemical
2.3.3 Semiconductor
2.3.4 Others
2.3.5 MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Application
- 2.3.5.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sale Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue and Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5.3 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sale Price by Application (2021-2026)
3 Global by Company
3.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Sales by Company (2021-2026)
3.1.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
3.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
3.2.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
3.2.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
3.3 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy
4 World Historic Review for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Market Size by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.1.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.1.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.2 World Historic MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Market Size by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.2.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Sales by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.2.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.3 Americas MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales Growth
4.4 APAC MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales Growth
4.5 Europe MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Country (2021-2026)
5.1.2 Americas MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
5.2 Americas MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Type (2021-2026)
5.3 Americas MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Application (2021-2026)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Region (2021-2026)
6.1.2 APAC MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
6.2 APAC MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Type (2021-2026)
6.3 APAC MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Application (2021-2026)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers by Country
7.1.1 Europe MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Country (2021-2026)
7.1.2 Europe MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
7.2 Europe MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Type (2021-2026)
7.3 Europe MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Application (2021-2026)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Country (2021-2026)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
8.2 Middle East & Africa MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Type (2021-2026)
8.3 Middle East & Africa MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales by Application (2021-2026)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Distributors
11.3 MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Customer
12 World Forecast Review for MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers by Geographic Region
12.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.1.2 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.6 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
12.7 Global MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 Axetris
13.1.1 Axetris Company Information
13.1.2 Axetris MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.1.3 Axetris MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.1.4 Axetris Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Axetris Latest Developments
13.2 Integrated Sensing Systems
13.2.1 Integrated Sensing Systems Company Information
13.2.2 Integrated Sensing Systems MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.2.3 Integrated Sensing Systems MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.2.4 Integrated Sensing Systems Main Business Overview
13.2.5 Integrated Sensing Systems Latest Developments
13.3 Omron
13.3.1 Omron Company Information
13.3.2 Omron MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.3.3 Omron MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.3.4 Omron Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Omron Latest Developments
13.4 Sierra Instruments
13.4.1 Sierra Instruments Company Information
13.4.2 Sierra Instruments MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.4.3 Sierra Instruments MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.4.4 Sierra Instruments Main Business Overview
13.4.5 Sierra Instruments Latest Developments
13.5 Bronkhorst High-Tech
13.5.1 Bronkhorst High-Tech Company Information
13.5.2 Bronkhorst High-Tech MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.5.3 Bronkhorst High-Tech MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.5.4 Bronkhorst High-Tech Main Business Overview
13.5.5 Bronkhorst High-Tech Latest Developments
13.6 MKS
13.6.1 MKS Company Information
13.6.2 MKS MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.6.3 MKS MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.6.4 MKS Main Business Overview
13.6.5 MKS Latest Developments
13.7 Horiba
13.7.1 Horiba Company Information
13.7.2 Horiba MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.7.3 Horiba MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.7.4 Horiba Main Business Overview
13.7.5 Horiba Latest Developments
13.8 Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power
13.8.1 Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power Company Information
13.8.2 Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.8.3 Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.8.4 Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Angst+Pfister Sensors and Power Latest Developments
13.9 Sensirion
13.9.1 Sensirion Company Information
13.9.2 Sensirion MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.9.3 Sensirion MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.9.4 Sensirion Main Business Overview
13.9.5 Sensirion Latest Developments
13.10 PHIX
13.10.1 PHIX Company Information
13.10.2 PHIX MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.10.3 PHIX MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.10.4 PHIX Main Business Overview
13.10.5 PHIX Latest Developments
13.11 Bürkert
13.11.1 Bürkert Company Information
13.11.2 Bürkert MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.11.3 Bürkert MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.11.4 Bürkert Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Bürkert Latest Developments
13.12 McMillan Flow Products
13.12.1 McMillan Flow Products Company Information
13.12.2 McMillan Flow Products MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.12.3 McMillan Flow Products MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.12.4 McMillan Flow Products Main Business Overview
13.12.5 McMillan Flow Products Latest Developments
13.13 Flusso
13.13.1 Flusso Company Information
13.13.2 Flusso MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.13.3 Flusso MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.13.4 Flusso Main Business Overview
13.13.5 Flusso Latest Developments
13.14 lnnovative Sensor Technology
13.14.1 lnnovative Sensor Technology Company Information
13.14.2 lnnovative Sensor Technology MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.14.3 lnnovative Sensor Technology MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.14.4 lnnovative Sensor Technology Main Business Overview
13.14.5 lnnovative Sensor Technology Latest Developments
13.15 Renesas Electronics
13.15.1 Renesas Electronics Company Information
13.15.2 Renesas Electronics MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.15.3 Renesas Electronics MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.15.4 Renesas Electronics Main Business Overview
13.15.5 Renesas Electronics Latest Developments
13.16 ES Systems
13.16.1 ES Systems Company Information
13.16.2 ES Systems MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.16.3 ES Systems MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.16.4 ES Systems Main Business Overview
13.16.5 ES Systems Latest Developments
13.17 First Sensor
13.17.1 First Sensor Company Information
13.17.2 First Sensor MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.17.3 First Sensor MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.17.4 First Sensor Main Business Overview
13.17.5 First Sensor Latest Developments
13.18 Siargo
13.18.1 Siargo Company Information
13.18.2 Siargo MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.18.3 Siargo MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.18.4 Siargo Main Business Overview
13.18.5 Siargo Latest Developments
13.19 Winsen Electronics
13.19.1 Winsen Electronics Company Information
13.19.2 Winsen Electronics MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.19.3 Winsen Electronics MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.19.4 Winsen Electronics Main Business Overview
13.19.5 Winsen Electronics Latest Developments
13.20 Weina Ganzhi
13.20.1 Weina Ganzhi Company Information
13.20.2 Weina Ganzhi MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.20.3 Weina Ganzhi MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.20.4 Weina Ganzhi Main Business Overview
13.20.5 Weina Ganzhi Latest Developments
13.21 Aosong Electronic
13.21.1 Aosong Electronic Company Information
13.21.2 Aosong Electronic MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.21.3 Aosong Electronic MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.21.4 Aosong Electronic Main Business Overview
13.21.5 Aosong Electronic Latest Developments
13.22 Meitek
13.22.1 Meitek Company Information
13.22.2 Meitek MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.22.3 Meitek MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.22.4 Meitek Main Business Overview
13.22.5 Meitek Latest Developments
13.23 Memsensing Microsystems
13.23.1 Memsensing Microsystems Company Information
13.23.2 Memsensing Microsystems MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.23.3 Memsensing Microsystems MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.23.4 Memsensing Microsystems Main Business Overview
13.23.5 Memsensing Microsystems Latest Developments
13.24 Aceinna
13.24.1 Aceinna Company Information
13.24.2 Aceinna MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.24.3 Aceinna MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.24.4 Aceinna Main Business Overview
13.24.5 Aceinna Latest Developments
13.25 AIoTSensing
13.25.1 AIoTSensing Company Information
13.25.2 AIoTSensing MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.25.3 AIoTSensing MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.25.4 AIoTSensing Main Business Overview
13.25.5 AIoTSensing Latest Developments
13.26 Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology
13.26.1 Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology Company Information
13.26.2 Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.26.3 Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.26.4 Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology Main Business Overview
13.26.5 Qingdao Xinsheng Micro-Nano Electronic Technology Latest Developments
13.27 Crystal
13.27.1 Crystal Company Information
13.27.2 Crystal MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.27.3 Crystal MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.27.4 Crystal Main Business Overview
13.27.5 Crystal Latest Developments
13.28 Hongxin Sensor
13.28.1 Hongxin Sensor Company Information
13.28.2 Hongxin Sensor MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.28.3 Hongxin Sensor MEMS-Based Mass Flow Controllers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.28.4 Hongxin Sensor Main Business Overview
13.28.5 Hongxin Sensor Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion