Abstract
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Special Bar Quality (SBQ) steel market for the energy industry, projecting steady growth through 2032. It examines high-performance steel types, including rounds, squares, and hexagons, across various applications such as drill collars, valves, and turbine components. By evaluating key regional markets and competitive dynamics among major players like ArcelorMittal and Nucor, the study identifies emerging opportunities and strategic trends shaping the industry's future trajectory.
Related Questions
US$ 6655 million in 2025; US$ 8221 million in 2032
3.1% CAGR (2026-2032)
CITIC, Valin Group, Gerdau SA, ArcelorMittal, Nucor Corporation, Acciaierie Venete, Weifang Special Steel, Swiss Steel Group, Metalloinvest, Dongbei Special Steel, Nippon Steel, Industrias CH, JSW Steel, Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel), Tata Steel, CELSA Group, Asil Celik, Georgsmarienhütte GmbH, Saarstahl, Sidenor, SeAH Besteel, Max Aicher, Steel Dynamics Inc, Voestalpine Specialty Metals, Charter Steel
Summary
Market Overview
The global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy market is predicted to grow from US$ 6655 million in 2025 to US$ 8221 million in 2032, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.1% from 2026 to 2032.
Definition: SBQ (Special Bar Quality) steel refers to a high-quality, specialized grade of steel designed and manufactured to meet stringent requirements for use in the energy industry. This type of steel is known for its exceptional mechanical properties, superior surface quality, and high level of cleanliness, making it ideal for applications in demanding environments such as those found in the energy sector.
Regional Market Analysis
- United States: The market for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy in the United States is projected to experience growth from 2025 through 2032.
- China: The market for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy in China is projected to experience growth from 2025 through 2032.
- Europe: The market for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy in Europe is projected to experience growth from 2025 through 2032.
Market Segmentation
By Type
- Rounds
- Squares
- Hexagons
- Others
By Application
- Shafts and Gears
- Drill Collars
- Valves and Fittings
- Turbine Components
- Others
By Region
- Americas: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil
- APAC: China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia
- Europe: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia
- Middle East & Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Turkey, GCC Countries
Competitive Landscape
Key Players
The following companies have been profiled based on primary expert input and analysis of their market coverage, product portfolio, and market penetration:
- CITIC
- Valin Group
- Gerdau SA
- ArcelorMittal
- Nucor Corporation
- Acciaierie Venete
- Weifang Special Steel
- Swiss Steel Group
- Metalloinvest
- Dongbei Special Steel
- Nippon Steel
- Industrias CH
- JSW Steel
- Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel)
- Tata Steel
- CELSA Group
- Asil Celik
- Georgsmarienhütte GmbH
- Saarstahl
- Sidenor
- SeAH Besteel
- Max Aicher
- Steel Dynamics Inc
- Voestalpine Specialty Metals
- Charter Steel
Market Concentration: In 2025, the two largest global companies in the SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy sector held a significant portion of the total market share.
Report Scope and Methodology
LP Information, Inc. (LPI) 's newest research report, the “SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Industry Forecast,” reviews total world SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy sales in 2025 and provides a comprehensive analysis of projected sales for 2026 through 2032. The report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions, with sales broken down by region, market sector, and sub-sector.
Key Insights Provided:
- Comprehensive Landscape Analysis: Highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, market share, latest developments, and M&A activity.
- Strategic Analysis: Evaluates the strategies of leading global companies, focusing on SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy portfolios, capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints.
- Market Drivers: Evaluates key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook.
- Opportunity Identification: Breaks down forecasts by Type, Application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity.
- Methodology: Utilizes a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs to offer a nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory of the industry.
Key Questions Addressed
- What is the 10-year outlook for the global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy market?
- What factors are driving SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy market growth, globally and by region?
- Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
- How do SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy market opportunities vary by end market size?
- How does SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy break out by Type and by Application?
Table of Contents
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Sales 2021-2032
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy by Geographic Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy by Country/Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
2.2 SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Segment by Type
2.2.1 Rounds
2.2.2 Squares
2.2.3 Hexagons
2.2.4 Others
2.2.5 SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Type
- 2.2.5.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue and Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5.3 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sale Price by Type (2021-2026)
2.3 SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Segment by Application
2.3.1 Shafts and Gears
2.3.2 Drill Collars
2.3.3 Valves and Fittings
2.3.4 Turbine Components
2.3.5 Others
2.3.6 SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Application
- 2.3.6.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sale Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 2.3.6.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue and Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 2.3.6.3 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sale Price by Application (2021-2026)
3 Global by Company
3.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Sales by Company (2021-2026)
3.1.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
3.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
3.2.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
3.2.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
3.3 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy
4 World Historic Review for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Market Size by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.1.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.1.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
4.2 World Historic SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Market Size by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.2.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Sales by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.2.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.3 Americas SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales Growth
4.4 APAC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales Growth
4.5 Europe SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Country (2021-2026)
5.1.2 Americas SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
5.2 Americas SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Type (2021-2026)
5.3 Americas SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Application (2021-2026)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Region (2021-2026)
6.1.2 APAC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
6.2 APAC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Type (2021-2026)
6.3 APAC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Application (2021-2026)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy by Country
7.1.1 Europe SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Country (2021-2026)
7.1.2 Europe SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
7.2 Europe SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Type (2021-2026)
7.3 Europe SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Application (2021-2026)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Country (2021-2026)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
8.2 Middle East & Africa SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Type (2021-2026)
8.3 Middle East & Africa SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales by Application (2021-2026)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Distributors
11.3 SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Customer
12 World Forecast Review for SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy by Geographic Region
12.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.1.2 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12.6 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
12.7 Global SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 CITIC
13.1.1 CITIC Company Information
13.1.2 CITIC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.1.3 CITIC SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.1.4 CITIC Main Business Overview
13.1.5 CITIC Latest Developments
13.2 Valin Group
13.2.1 Valin Group Company Information
13.2.2 Valin Group SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.2.3 Valin Group SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.2.4 Valin Group Main Business Overview
13.2.5 Valin Group Latest Developments
13.3 Gerdau SA
13.3.1 Gerdau SA Company Information
13.3.2 Gerdau SA SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.3.3 Gerdau SA SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.3.4 Gerdau SA Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Gerdau SA Latest Developments
13.4 ArcelorMittal
13.4.1 ArcelorMittal Company Information
13.4.2 ArcelorMittal SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.4.3 ArcelorMittal SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.4.4 ArcelorMittal Main Business Overview
13.4.5 ArcelorMittal Latest Developments
13.5 Nucor Corporation
13.5.1 Nucor Corporation Company Information
13.5.2 Nucor Corporation SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.5.3 Nucor Corporation SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.5.4 Nucor Corporation Main Business Overview
13.5.5 Nucor Corporation Latest Developments
13.6 Acciaierie Venete
13.6.1 Acciaierie Venete Company Information
13.6.2 Acciaierie Venete SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.6.3 Acciaierie Venete SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.6.4 Acciaierie Venete Main Business Overview
13.6.5 Acciaierie Venete Latest Developments
13.7 Weifang Special Steel
13.7.1 Weifang Special Steel Company Information
13.7.2 Weifang Special Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.7.3 Weifang Special Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.7.4 Weifang Special Steel Main Business Overview
13.7.5 Weifang Special Steel Latest Developments
13.8 Swiss Steel Group
13.8.1 Swiss Steel Group Company Information
13.8.2 Swiss Steel Group SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.8.3 Swiss Steel Group SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.8.4 Swiss Steel Group Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Swiss Steel Group Latest Developments
13.9 Metalloinvest
13.9.1 Metalloinvest Company Information
13.9.2 Metalloinvest SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.9.3 Metalloinvest SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.9.4 Metalloinvest Main Business Overview
13.9.5 Metalloinvest Latest Developments
13.10 Dongbei Special Steel
13.10.1 Dongbei Special Steel Company Information
13.10.2 Dongbei Special Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.10.3 Dongbei Special Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.10.4 Dongbei Special Steel Main Business Overview
13.10.5 Dongbei Special Steel Latest Developments
13.11 Nippon Steel
13.11.1 Nippon Steel Company Information
13.11.2 Nippon Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.11.3 Nippon Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.11.4 Nippon Steel Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Nippon Steel Latest Developments
13.12 Industrias CH
13.12.1 Industrias CH Company Information
13.12.2 Industrias CH SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.12.3 Industrias CH SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.12.4 Industrias CH Main Business Overview
13.12.5 Industrias CH Latest Developments
13.13 JSW Steel
13.13.1 JSW Steel Company Information
13.13.2 JSW Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.13.3 JSW Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.13.4 JSW Steel Main Business Overview
13.13.5 JSW Steel Latest Developments
13.14 Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel)
13.14.1 Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel) Company Information
13.14.2 Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel) SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.14.3 Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel) SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.14.4 Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel) Main Business Overview
13.14.5 Metallus Inc. (TimkenSteel) Latest Developments
13.15 Tata Steel
13.15.1 Tata Steel Company Information
13.15.2 Tata Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.15.3 Tata Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.15.4 Tata Steel Main Business Overview
13.15.5 Tata Steel Latest Developments
13.16 CELSA Group
13.16.1 CELSA Group Company Information
13.16.2 CELSA Group SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.16.3 CELSA Group SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.16.4 CELSA Group Main Business Overview
13.16.5 CELSA Group Latest Developments
13.17 Asil Celik
13.17.1 Asil Celik Company Information
13.17.2 Asil Celik SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.17.3 Asil Celik SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.17.4 Asil Celik Main Business Overview
13.17.5 Asil Celik Latest Developments
13.18 Georgsmarienhütte GmbH
13.18.1 Georgsmarienhütte GmbH Company Information
13.18.2 Georgsmarienhütte GmbH SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.18.3 Georgsmarienhütte GmbH SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.18.4 Georgsmarienhütte GmbH Main Business Overview
13.18.5 Georgsmarienhütte GmbH Latest Developments
13.19 Saarstahl
13.19.1 Saarstahl Company Information
13.19.2 Saarstahl SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.19.3 Saarstahl SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.19.4 Saarstahl Main Business Overview
13.19.5 Saarstahl Latest Developments
13.20 Sidenor
13.20.1 Sidenor Company Information
13.20.2 Sidenor SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.20.3 Sidenor SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.20.4 Sidenor Main Business Overview
13.20.5 Sidenor Latest Developments
13.21 SeAH Besteel
13.21.1 SeAH Besteel Company Information
13.21.2 SeAH Besteel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.21.3 SeAH Besteel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.21.4 SeAH Besteel Main Business Overview
13.21.5 SeAH Besteel Latest Developments
13.22 Max Aicher
13.22.1 Max Aicher Company Information
13.22.2 Max Aicher SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.22.3 Max Aicher SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.22.4 Max Aicher Main Business Overview
13.22.5 Max Aicher Latest Developments
13.23 Steel Dynamics Inc
13.23.1 Steel Dynamics Inc Company Information
13.23.2 Steel Dynamics Inc SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.23.3 Steel Dynamics Inc SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.23.4 Steel Dynamics Inc Main Business Overview
13.23.5 Steel Dynamics Inc Latest Developments
13.24 Voestalpine Specialty Metals
13.24.1 Voestalpine Specialty Metals Company Information
13.24.2 Voestalpine Specialty Metals SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.24.3 Voestalpine Specialty Metals SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.24.4 Voestalpine Specialty Metals Main Business Overview
13.24.5 Voestalpine Specialty Metals Latest Developments
13.25 Charter Steel
13.25.1 Charter Steel Company Information
13.25.2 Charter Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.25.3 Charter Steel SBQ (Special Bar Quality) Steel for Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
13.25.4 Charter Steel Main Business Overview
13.25.5 Charter Steel Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion