Report Thumbnail
Product Code LP0913516527TN
Published Date 2026/7/21
English145 PagesGlobal

Global Cardboard Box Packager Market Growth 2026-2032 ‐ Industrial Machinery/Industry Market


Report Thumbnail
Product Code LP0913516527TN
Published Date 2026/7/21
English 145 PagesGlobal

Global Cardboard Box Packager Market Growth 2026-2032 ‐ Industrial Machinery/Industry Market



Abstract

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global cardboard box packager market, projecting significant growth through 2032. Driven by the rapid expansion of e-commerce and industrial automation, the market is shifting toward high-speed, fully automatic, and robotic packaging solutions to enhance productivity. The study covers various segments, including manual, semi-automatic, and fully automatic systems, across key applications like manufacturing, logistics, and food and beverage. Geographically, the report highlights the dominance of the Asia-Pacific region alongside technological advancements in North America and Europe.

Related Questions

US$ 2788 million in 2025

6.5% CAGR from 2026 to 2032

Ishida, Sidel, Gerhard Schubert GmbH, HMPS, FROMM Packaging Australia, Emmoco, Lantech, Pearson Packaging Systems, Wayne Automation, Krones AG, IMA Group, KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY, Fuji Machinery, CLEVERTECH SPA, HUALIAN, Youngsun

Automation to improve packaging efficiency and reduce labor dependency, Expansion of global manufacturing and the surge in e-commerce, Technological advancements in robotics, machine vision, and control systems


Summary

Market Overview

The global Cardboard Box Packager market is projected to experience significant growth, increasing from US$ 2788 million in 2025 to an estimated US$ 4268 million by 2032. This expansion represents a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2026 to 2032.

Definition: Cardboard box packagers refer to equipment or integrated machinery systems used to automatically or semi-automatically form, fill, seal, and package products into cardboard boxes or cartons. These systems are widely applied in manufacturing, logistics, and e-commerce operations to improve packaging efficiency, consistency, and labor productivity while reducing operational costs.

2025 Market Statistics

  • Global Sales Volume: 190,000 units
  • Average Global Market Price: USD 15,000 per unit
  • Market Average Gross Profit Margin: 35%

Industry Value Chain

  • Upstream: Suppliers of mechanical components, electrical systems, sensors, robotics, control software, and raw materials (such as steel and electronic parts).
  • Midstream: Equipment manufacturers responsible for the design, assembly, and integration of packaging machinery and automation systems.
  • Downstream: System integrators, distributors, and end users in industries including food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, e-commerce, electronics, and logistics. In these sectors, equipment is deployed to automate box forming, filling, and sealing processes to improve efficiency, reduce labor costs, and ensure consistent packaging quality across production and distribution operations.

Market Dynamics

Growth Drivers and Trends

  • Automation Adoption: Rapid growth is driven by industries adopting automation to improve packaging efficiency and reduce dependency on manual labor.
  • E-commerce and Manufacturing Expansion: The surge in global e-commerce and the expansion of manufacturing have increased demand for high-speed, reliable packaging solutions.
  • Technological Shift: A transition is occurring from manual and semi-automatic systems toward fully automated and robotic packaging lines to enhance productivity and quality consistency.
  • Technological Advancements: Innovations in robotics, machine vision, and control systems have transformed equipment into intelligent, flexible solutions capable of handling diverse product types.
  • Supply Chain Integration: The integration of packaging machinery into broader production and logistics systems has strengthened its role in modern supply chains.
  • Sector Demand: Demand is particularly strong in sectors requiring high throughput and strict quality standards, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods.
  • Market Maturity Differences: While mature markets focus on upgrading existing systems, emerging markets are characterized by investments in new installations.
  • Smart Manufacturing: The industry benefits from continuous innovation and the increasing adoption of smart manufacturing practices.

Market Challenges

  • Investment Barriers: High initial investment costs may limit the adoption of these technologies among small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

Global Investment and Strategic Initiatives

Packaging machinery manufacturers are investing in new production facilities, R&D centers, and smart manufacturing upgrades, particularly in Asia-Pacific, Europe, and North America. Key focus areas include:

  • Development of high-speed automated packaging systems and robotics integration.
  • Digitalized solutions and AI-driven packaging lines.
  • Modular and flexible equipment designs.
  • Energy-efficient machinery.
  • Expansion of production capacity to meet e-commerce and industrial demand.
  • Collaborations with logistics companies to deploy fully automated systems in warehouses and distribution centers, supporting the transition toward Industry 4.0 and intelligent supply chain operations.

Regional Analysis

Asia-Pacific

  • Status: The largest and fastest-growing market.
  • Drivers: Rapid industrialization, expanding manufacturing capacity, and booming e-commerce activities in countries such as China, India, and Southeast Asia.
  • Advantages: Cost advantages and strong demand for automation in logistics and production.

North America

  • Status: A mature market.
  • Drivers: High adoption of advanced packaging technologies supported by strong demand from e-commerce giants and the food processing industry.

Europe

  • Status: Characterized by technological innovation and high-quality standards.
  • Focus: A strong emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency in machinery design, with heavy investment in automation upgrades and smart factory solutions.

Latin America, Middle East & Africa

  • Status: Emerging markets.
  • Drivers: Growth is supported by increasing industrialization and infrastructure development, though adoption rates remain relatively lower.
  • Influencing Factors: Regional differences in labor costs, regulatory environments, and industrial maturity influence market dynamics, alongside varying levels of supply chain integration and technological capabilities.

Competitive Landscape

The market is moderately fragmented, featuring a mix of global packaging machinery manufacturers and regional players.

  • Competitive Strategies: Leading companies leverage advanced technologies, strong R&D capabilities, and global distribution networks. They focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic partnerships.
  • Regional/Small Player Strategy: Competition is based on cost, customization, and localized services.
  • Key Success Factors: Technological capability, product reliability, and after-sales service.
  • Market Movement: Mergers and acquisitions are common for expanding presence and capabilities. Long-term customer relationships help secure stable demand, though price competition can be significant in developing markets.

Market Segmentation

By Type

  • Manual
  • Semi-Automatic
  • Fully Automatic

By Packaging Configuration Type

  • Top Load Packaging System
  • Side Load Packaging System
  • End Load Packaging System
  • Wraparound Packaging System

By Speed Type

  • Low-Speed (Below 10 Boxes/Minute)
  • Medium-Speed (10–30 Boxes/Minute)
  • High-Speed (Above 30 Boxes/Minute)

By Application

  • Manufacturing Industry
  • Logistics and Warehousing Companies
  • E-commerce Companies
  • Retail and Wholesale Sector
  • Others

By Region

  • Americas: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil
  • APAC: China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia
  • Europe: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia
  • Middle East & Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Turkey, GCC Countries

Key Vendors Profiled

  • Ishida
  • Sidel
  • Gerhard Schubert GmbH
  • HMPS
  • FROMM Packaging Australia
  • Emmoco
  • Lantech
  • Pearson Packaging Systems
  • Wayne Automation
  • Krones AG
  • IMA Group
  • KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY
  • Fuji Machinery
  • CLEVERTECH SPA
  • HUALIAN
  • Youngsun

Report Scope and Methodology

This research report by LP Information, Inc. (LPI), titled “Cardboard Box Packager Industry Forecast,” provides a comprehensive analysis of the global landscape.

  • Data Coverage: Reviews total world Cardboard Box Packager sales in 2025 and provides a detailed analysis of projected sales for 2026 through 2032.
  • Analysis Depth: Includes breakdowns by region, market sector, sub-sector, product type, application, and geography, presented in US$ millions.
  • Key Insights: Highlights trends in product segmentation, company formation, revenue, market share, latest developments, and M&A activity. It also examines leading companies' portfolios, capabilities, market entry strategies, and geographic footprints.
  • Methodology: Utilizes a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs to offer a nuanced view of the industry's trajectory.

Key Questions Addressed

  • What is the 10-year outlook for the global Cardboard Box Packager market?
  • What factors are driving Cardboard Box Packager market growth, globally and by region?
  • Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
  • How do Cardboard Box Packager market opportunities vary by end market size?
  • How does Cardboard Box Packager break out by Type and by Application?

Table of Contents

  • 1 Scope of the Report

    • 1.1 Market Introduction
    • 1.2 Years Considered
    • 1.3 Research Objectives
    • 1.4 Market Research Methodology
    • 1.5 Research Process and Data Source
    • 1.6 Economic Indicators
    • 1.7 Currency Considered
    • 1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
  • 2 Executive Summary

    • 2.1 World Market Overview
      • 2.1.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Sales 2021-2032
      • 2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Cardboard Box Packager by Geographic Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
      • 2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Cardboard Box Packager by Country/Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032
    • 2.2 Cardboard Box Packager Segment by Type
      • 2.2.1 Manual
      • 2.2.2 Semi-Automatic
      • 2.2.3 Fully Automatic
      • 2.2.4 Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Type
        • 2.2.4.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
        • 2.2.4.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Revenue and Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
        • 2.2.4.3 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sale Price by Type (2021-2026)
    • 2.3 Cardboard Box Packager Segment by Packaging Configuration Type
      • 2.3.1 Top Load Packaging System
      • 2.3.2 Side Load Packaging System
      • 2.3.3 End Load Packaging System
      • 2.3.4 Wraparound Packaging System
      • 2.3.5 Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Packaging Configuration Type
        • 2.3.5.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sales Market Share by Packaging Configuration Type (2021-2026)
        • 2.3.5.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Revenue and Market Share by Packaging Configuration Type (2021-2026)
        • 2.3.5.3 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sale Price by Packaging Configuration Type (2021-2026)
    • 2.4 Cardboard Box Packager Segment by Speed Type
      • 2.4.1 Low-Speed (Below 10 Boxes/Minute)
      • 2.4.2 Medium-Speed (10–30 Boxes/Minute)
      • 2.4.3 High-Speed (Above 30 Boxes/Minute)
      • 2.4.4 Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Speed Type
        • 2.4.4.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sales Market Share by Speed Type (2021-2026)
        • 2.4.4.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Revenue and Market Share by Speed Type (2021-2026)
        • 2.4.4.3 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sale Price by Speed Type (2021-2026)
    • 2.5 Cardboard Box Packager Segment by Application
      • 2.5.1 Manufacturing Industry
      • 2.5.2 Logistics and Warehousing Companies
      • 2.5.3 E-commerce Companies
      • 2.5.4 Retail and Wholesale Sector
      • 2.5.5 Others
      • 2.5.6 Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Application
        • 2.5.6.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sale Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
        • 2.5.6.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Revenue and Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
        • 2.5.6.3 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sale Price by Application (2021-2026)
  • 3 Global by Company

    • 3.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Breakdown Data by Company
      • 3.1.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Sales by Company (2021-2026)
      • 3.1.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sales Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
    • 3.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
      • 3.2.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
      • 3.2.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Revenue Market Share by Company (2021-2026)
    • 3.3 Global Cardboard Box Packager Sale Price by Company
    • 3.4 Key Manufacturers Cardboard Box Packager Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
      • 3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Cardboard Box Packager Product Location Distribution
      • 3.4.2 Players Cardboard Box Packager Products Offered
    • 3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
      • 3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
      • 3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
    • 3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
    • 3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy
  • 4 World Historic Review for Cardboard Box Packager by Geographic Region

    • 4.1 World Historic Cardboard Box Packager Market Size by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
      • 4.1.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
      • 4.1.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2021-2026)
    • 4.2 World Historic Cardboard Box Packager Market Size by Country/Region (2021-2026)
      • 4.2.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Sales by Country/Region (2021-2026)
      • 4.2.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)
    • 4.3 Americas Cardboard Box Packager Sales Growth
    • 4.4 APAC Cardboard Box Packager Sales Growth
    • 4.5 Europe Cardboard Box Packager Sales Growth
    • 4.6 Middle East & Africa Cardboard Box Packager Sales Growth
  • 5 Americas

    • 5.1 Americas Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Country
      • 5.1.1 Americas Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Country (2021-2026)
      • 5.1.2 Americas Cardboard Box Packager Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
    • 5.2 Americas Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Type (2021-2026)
    • 5.3 Americas Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Application (2021-2026)
    • 5.4 United States
    • 5.5 Canada
    • 5.6 Mexico
    • 5.7 Brazil
  • 6 APAC

    • 6.1 APAC Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Region
      • 6.1.1 APAC Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Region (2021-2026)
      • 6.1.2 APAC Cardboard Box Packager Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
    • 6.2 APAC Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Type (2021-2026)
    • 6.3 APAC Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Application (2021-2026)
    • 6.4 China
    • 6.5 Japan
    • 6.6 South Korea
    • 6.7 Southeast Asia
    • 6.8 India
    • 6.9 Australia
    • 6.10 China Taiwan
  • 7 Europe

    • 7.1 Europe Cardboard Box Packager by Country
      • 7.1.1 Europe Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Country (2021-2026)
      • 7.1.2 Europe Cardboard Box Packager Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
    • 7.2 Europe Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Type (2021-2026)
    • 7.3 Europe Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Application (2021-2026)
    • 7.4 Germany
    • 7.5 France
    • 7.6 UK
    • 7.7 Italy
    • 7.8 Russia
  • 8 Middle East & Africa

    • 8.1 Middle East & Africa Cardboard Box Packager by Country
      • 8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Country (2021-2026)
      • 8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Cardboard Box Packager Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
    • 8.2 Middle East & Africa Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Type (2021-2026)
    • 8.3 Middle East & Africa Cardboard Box Packager Sales by Application (2021-2026)
    • 8.4 Egypt
    • 8.5 South Africa
    • 8.6 Israel
    • 8.7 Turkey
    • 8.8 GCC Countries
  • 9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

    • 9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
    • 9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
    • 9.3 Industry Trends
  • 10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

    • 10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
    • 10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Cardboard Box Packager
    • 10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cardboard Box Packager
    • 10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Cardboard Box Packager
  • 11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer

    • 11.1 Sales Channel
      • 11.1.1 Direct Channels
      • 11.1.2 Indirect Channels
    • 11.2 Cardboard Box Packager Distributors
    • 11.3 Cardboard Box Packager Customer
  • 12 World Forecast Review for Cardboard Box Packager by Geographic Region

    • 12.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Market Size Forecast by Region
      • 12.1.1 Global Cardboard Box Packager Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
      • 12.1.2 Global Cardboard Box Packager Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
    • 12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
    • 12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
    • 12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
    • 12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
    • 12.6 Global Cardboard Box Packager Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
    • 12.7 Global Cardboard Box Packager Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
  • 13 Key Players Analysis

    • 13.1 Ishida
      • 13.1.1 Ishida Company Information
      • 13.1.2 Ishida Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.1.3 Ishida Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.1.4 Ishida Main Business Overview
      • 13.1.5 Ishida Latest Developments
    • 13.2 Sidel
      • 13.2.1 Sidel Company Information
      • 13.2.2 Sidel Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.2.3 Sidel Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.2.4 Sidel Main Business Overview
      • 13.2.5 Sidel Latest Developments
    • 13.3 Gerhard Schubert GmbH
      • 13.3.1 Gerhard Schubert GmbH Company Information
      • 13.3.2 Gerhard Schubert GmbH Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.3.3 Gerhard Schubert GmbH Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.3.4 Gerhard Schubert GmbH Main Business Overview
      • 13.3.5 Gerhard Schubert GmbH Latest Developments
    • 13.4 HMPS
      • 13.4.1 HMPS Company Information
      • 13.4.2 HMPS Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.4.3 HMPS Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.4.4 HMPS Main Business Overview
      • 13.4.5 HMPS Latest Developments
    • 13.5 FROMM Packaging Australia
      • 13.5.1 FROMM Packaging Australia Company Information
      • 13.5.2 FROMM Packaging Australia Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.5.3 FROMM Packaging Australia Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.5.4 FROMM Packaging Australia Main Business Overview
      • 13.5.5 FROMM Packaging Australia Latest Developments
    • 13.6 Emmoco
      • 13.6.1 Emmoco Company Information
      • 13.6.2 Emmoco Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.6.3 Emmoco Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.6.4 Emmoco Main Business Overview
      • 13.6.5 Emmoco Latest Developments
    • 13.7 Lantech
      • 13.7.1 Lantech Company Information
      • 13.7.2 Lantech Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.7.3 Lantech Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.7.4 Lantech Main Business Overview
      • 13.7.5 Lantech Latest Developments
    • 13.8 Pearson Packaging Systems
      • 13.8.1 Pearson Packaging Systems Company Information
      • 13.8.2 Pearson Packaging Systems Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.8.3 Pearson Packaging Systems Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.8.4 Pearson Packaging Systems Main Business Overview
      • 13.8.5 Pearson Packaging Systems Latest Developments
    • 13.9 Wayne Automation
      • 13.9.1 Wayne Automation Company Information
      • 13.9.2 Wayne Automation Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.9.3 Wayne Automation Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.9.4 Wayne Automation Main Business Overview
      • 13.9.5 Wayne Automation Latest Developments
    • 13.10 Krones AG
      • 13.10.1 Krones AG Company Information
      • 13.10.2 Krones AG Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.10.3 Krones AG Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.10.4 Krones AG Main Business Overview
      • 13.10.5 Krones AG Latest Developments
    • 13.11 IMA Group
      • 13.11.1 IMA Group Company Information
      • 13.11.2 IMA Group Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.11.3 IMA Group Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.11.4 IMA Group Main Business Overview
      • 13.11.5 IMA Group Latest Developments
    • 13.12 KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY
      • 13.12.1 KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY Company Information
      • 13.12.2 KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.12.3 KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.12.4 KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY Main Business Overview
      • 13.12.5 KAWASHIMA PACKAGING MACHINERY Latest Developments
    • 13.13 Fuji Machinery
      • 13.13.1 Fuji Machinery Company Information
      • 13.13.2 Fuji Machinery Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.13.3 Fuji Machinery Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.13.4 Fuji Machinery Main Business Overview
      • 13.13.5 Fuji Machinery Latest Developments
    • 13.14 CLEVERTECH SPA
      • 13.14.1 CLEVERTECH SPA Company Information
      • 13.14.2 CLEVERTECH SPA Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.14.3 CLEVERTECH SPA Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.14.4 CLEVERTECH SPA Main Business Overview
      • 13.14.5 CLEVERTECH SPA Latest Developments
    • 13.15 HUALIAN
      • 13.15.1 HUALIAN Company Information
      • 13.15.2 HUALIAN Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.15.3 HUALIAN Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.15.4 HUALIAN Main Business Overview
      • 13.15.5 HUALIAN Latest Developments
    • 13.16 Youngsun
      • 13.16.1 Youngsun Company Information
      • 13.16.2 Youngsun Cardboard Box Packager Product Portfolios and Specifications
      • 13.16.3 Youngsun Cardboard Box Packager Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
      • 13.16.4 Youngsun Main Business Overview
      • 13.16.5 Youngsun Latest Developments
  • 14 Research Findings and Conclusion

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