Abstract
Summary
The global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market size is projected to grow from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million in 2030; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of % from 2024 to 2030.
LP Information, Inc. (LPI) ' newest research report, the “All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Industry Forecast” looks at past sales and reviews total world All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) sales in 2023, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) sales for 2024 through 2030. With All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) industry.
This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyzes the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms’ unique position in an accelerating global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market.
This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) and breaks down the forecast by Rim Diameter, by Application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire).
United States market for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % from 2024 through 2030.
China market for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % from 2024 through 2030.
Europe market for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % from 2024 through 2030.
Global key All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) players cover Michelin, Bridgestone, Goodyear, Continental Tire and Sumitomo Rubber, etc. In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied for a share nearly % in 2023.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
Segmentation by rim diameter
<20 inch
20-25 inch
>25 inch
Segmentation by application
Truck
Bus
This report also splits the market by region:
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.
Michelin
Bridgestone
Goodyear
Continental Tire
Sumitomo Rubber
Zhongce Rubber Group
Sailun Group
Apollo
Giti Tire
BKT
Guizhou Tire
Shandong Linglong Tyre
Triangle Tyre
JK Tyre
Jinyu Tyre
Xingyuan Tires Group
HOdo Group
Key Questions Addressed in this Report
What is the 10-year outlook for the global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market?
What factors are driving All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market growth, globally and by region?
Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
How do All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market opportunities vary by end market size?
How does All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) break out rim diameter, application?
LP Information, Inc. (LPI) ' newest research report, the “All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Industry Forecast” looks at past sales and reviews total world All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) sales in 2023, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) sales for 2024 through 2030. With All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) industry.
This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyzes the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms’ unique position in an accelerating global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market.
This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) and breaks down the forecast by Rim Diameter, by Application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire).
United States market for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % from 2024 through 2030.
China market for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % from 2024 through 2030.
Europe market for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2023 to US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % from 2024 through 2030.
Global key All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) players cover Michelin, Bridgestone, Goodyear, Continental Tire and Sumitomo Rubber, etc. In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied for a share nearly % in 2023.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
Segmentation by rim diameter
<20 inch
20-25 inch
>25 inch
Segmentation by application
Truck
Bus
This report also splits the market by region:
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.
Michelin
Bridgestone
Goodyear
Continental Tire
Sumitomo Rubber
Zhongce Rubber Group
Sailun Group
Apollo
Giti Tire
BKT
Guizhou Tire
Shandong Linglong Tyre
Triangle Tyre
JK Tyre
Jinyu Tyre
Xingyuan Tires Group
HOdo Group
Key Questions Addressed in this Report
What is the 10-year outlook for the global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market?
What factors are driving All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market growth, globally and by region?
Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
How do All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) market opportunities vary by end market size?
How does All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) break out rim diameter, application?
Table of Contents
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Sales 2019-2030
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Geographic Region, 2019, 2023 & 2030
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Country/Region, 2019, 2023 & 2030
2.2 All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Segment by Rim Diameter
2.2.1 <20 inch
2.2.2 20-25 inch
2.2.3 >25 inch
2.3 All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Rim Diameter
2.3.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales Market Share by Rim Diameter (2019-2024)
2.3.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue and Market Share by Rim Diameter (2019-2024)
2.3.3 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sale Price by Rim Diameter (2019-2024)
2.4 All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Segment by Application
2.4.1 Truck
2.4.2 Bus
2.5 All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Application
2.5.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sale Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
2.5.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue and Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
2.5.3 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sale Price by Application (2019-2024)
3 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Company
3.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Sales by Company (2019-2024)
3.1.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales Market Share by Company (2019-2024)
3.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
3.2.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue Market Share by Company (2019-2024)
3.3 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2019-2024)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 World Historic Review for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Market Size by Geographic Region (2019-2024)
4.1.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2019-2024)
4.1.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2019-2024)
4.2 World Historic All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Market Size by Country/Region (2019-2024)
4.2.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Sales by Country/Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2019-2024)
4.3 Americas All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales Growth
4.4 APAC All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales Growth
4.5 Europe All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Americas All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue by Country (2019-2024)
5.2 Americas All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Rim Diameter
5.3 Americas All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Application
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Region (2019-2024)
6.1.2 APAC All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
6.2 APAC All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Rim Diameter
6.3 APAC All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Application
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Country
7.1.1 Europe All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
7.1.2 Europe All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue by Country (2019-2024)
7.2 Europe All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Rim Diameter
7.3 Europe All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Application
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Revenue by Country (2019-2024)
8.2 Middle East & Africa All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Rim Diameter
8.3 Middle East & Africa All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales by Application
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire)
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire)
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire)
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Distributors
11.3 All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Customer
12 World Forecast Review for All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) by Geographic Region
12.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
12.1.2 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country
12.6 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Forecast by Rim Diameter
12.7 Global All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Forecast by Application
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 Michelin
13.1.1 Michelin Company Information
13.1.2 Michelin All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.1.3 Michelin All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.1.4 Michelin Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Michelin Latest Developments
13.2 Bridgestone
13.2.1 Bridgestone Company Information
13.2.2 Bridgestone All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.2.3 Bridgestone All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.2.4 Bridgestone Main Business Overview
13.2.5 Bridgestone Latest Developments
13.3 Goodyear
13.3.1 Goodyear Company Information
13.3.2 Goodyear All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.3.3 Goodyear All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.3.4 Goodyear Main Business Overview
13.3.5 Goodyear Latest Developments
13.4 Continental Tire
13.4.1 Continental Tire Company Information
13.4.2 Continental Tire All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.4.3 Continental Tire All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.4.4 Continental Tire Main Business Overview
13.4.5 Continental Tire Latest Developments
13.5 Sumitomo Rubber
13.5.1 Sumitomo Rubber Company Information
13.5.2 Sumitomo Rubber All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.5.3 Sumitomo Rubber All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.5.4 Sumitomo Rubber Main Business Overview
13.5.5 Sumitomo Rubber Latest Developments
13.6 Zhongce Rubber Group
13.6.1 Zhongce Rubber Group Company Information
13.6.2 Zhongce Rubber Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.6.3 Zhongce Rubber Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.6.4 Zhongce Rubber Group Main Business Overview
13.6.5 Zhongce Rubber Group Latest Developments
13.7 Sailun Group
13.7.1 Sailun Group Company Information
13.7.2 Sailun Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.7.3 Sailun Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.7.4 Sailun Group Main Business Overview
13.7.5 Sailun Group Latest Developments
13.8 Apollo
13.8.1 Apollo Company Information
13.8.2 Apollo All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.8.3 Apollo All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.8.4 Apollo Main Business Overview
13.8.5 Apollo Latest Developments
13.9 Giti Tire
13.9.1 Giti Tire Company Information
13.9.2 Giti Tire All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.9.3 Giti Tire All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.9.4 Giti Tire Main Business Overview
13.9.5 Giti Tire Latest Developments
13.10 BKT
13.10.1 BKT Company Information
13.10.2 BKT All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.10.3 BKT All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.10.4 BKT Main Business Overview
13.10.5 BKT Latest Developments
13.11 Guizhou Tire
13.11.1 Guizhou Tire Company Information
13.11.2 Guizhou Tire All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.11.3 Guizhou Tire All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.11.4 Guizhou Tire Main Business Overview
13.11.5 Guizhou Tire Latest Developments
13.12 Shandong Linglong Tyre
13.12.1 Shandong Linglong Tyre Company Information
13.12.2 Shandong Linglong Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.12.3 Shandong Linglong Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.12.4 Shandong Linglong Tyre Main Business Overview
13.12.5 Shandong Linglong Tyre Latest Developments
13.13 Triangle Tyre
13.13.1 Triangle Tyre Company Information
13.13.2 Triangle Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.13.3 Triangle Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.13.4 Triangle Tyre Main Business Overview
13.13.5 Triangle Tyre Latest Developments
13.14 JK Tyre
13.14.1 JK Tyre Company Information
13.14.2 JK Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.14.3 JK Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.14.4 JK Tyre Main Business Overview
13.14.5 JK Tyre Latest Developments
13.15 Jinyu Tyre
13.15.1 Jinyu Tyre Company Information
13.15.2 Jinyu Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.15.3 Jinyu Tyre All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.15.4 Jinyu Tyre Main Business Overview
13.15.5 Jinyu Tyre Latest Developments
13.16 Xingyuan Tires Group
13.16.1 Xingyuan Tires Group Company Information
13.16.2 Xingyuan Tires Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.16.3 Xingyuan Tires Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.16.4 Xingyuan Tires Group Main Business Overview
13.16.5 Xingyuan Tires Group Latest Developments
13.17 HOdo Group
13.17.1 HOdo Group Company Information
13.17.2 HOdo Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.17.3 HOdo Group All Steel Truck and Bus Radial Tire (TBR Tire) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
13.17.4 HOdo Group Main Business Overview
13.17.5 HOdo Group Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion