This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global computer embroidery machine market, projecting steady growth from 2025 through 2032. It examines various segments, including machine type, head count, automation level, and connectivity, across diverse applications ranging from commercial apparel to industrial technical textiles. Key market drivers include the rise of consumer personalization, agile supply chains, and the expansion into functional material processing. Additionally, the study evaluates competitive landscapes, regional dynamics, and the shift toward integrated, digitally enabled production solutions.

Market Overview

• Market Size Projection: The global Computer Embroidery Machine market is predicted to grow from US$ 4339 million in 2025 to US$ 6429 million in 2032.
• Growth Rate: The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 5.8% from 2026 to 2032.

Product Definition and Technical Specifications

Definition

A Computer Embroidery Machine is an electromechanical system that utilizes digital embroidery files to automatically create decorative or functional stitch patterns on textiles or other flexible materials.

Core Components

• Machine frame
• Embroidery head
• Needle bar assembly
• Thread stand
• Control panel
• Drive system
• Embroidery frame or specialized fixtures

Operational Mechanism

1. Digitization: Artwork is converted into digital stitch data. 2. Synchronization: The control system synchronizes the main shaft, needle bars, color-change mechanism, and X-Y motion system. 3. Stitch Formation: The upper thread, bobbin thread, and rotary hook work together to form continuous lock stitches, allowing the fabric to move relative to the needle position.

Primary Applications and Uses

• End Products: Apparel, caps, footwear, bags, patches, home textiles, and industrial flexible substrates.
• Purposes: Decorative, branding, personalization, and selected functional-material placement.
• Industries: Branded apparel, uniforms, promotional products, sports goods, gift customization, and technical textiles.

Industry Dynamics and Strategic Outlook

Value Creation Shift

The industry is transitioning from pure equipment sales toward the delivery of digitally enabled production capabilities. The market is moving beyond traditional capacity expansion toward a convergence of:

• Personalization and branded customization
• Agile supply chains
• Industrial automation

Strategic Significance

For investors and corporate leaders, the market serves as a core production platform for small-batch, multi-style, and rapid-turnaround manufacturing. As development cycles shorten and product differentiation increases, embroidery is evolving from a decorative process into a vital tool for brand identity, premium positioning, and fulfillment efficiency.

Technological Advancements

Modern machines are transforming from standalone devices into integrated nodes within digital factories through advances in:

• Digitizing software and design file management
• Cloud collaboration
• Automatic color change and thread-break detection
• Servo control and stable high-speed multi-head operation

Emerging Opportunities in Technical Embroidery

There is significant strategic potential in expanding technical embroidery into functional material processing, including:

• Conductive yarns and sensing electrodes
• Heating wires and elements
• Composite fiber placement and fiber-reinforced composite preforms
• Flexible electronics and medical or sports textiles

Market Challenges and Barriers

Operational Interdependence

Machines are highly integrated systems where hardware, motion control, stitch logic, fabric compatibility, and operator expertise are tightly interdependent; a weakness in any single layer can undermine quality and reliability.

Barriers to Entry and Competition

• Complexity: New entrants face hurdles in software ecosystems, after-sales service, training systems, and accumulated application know-how.
• Performance Standards: Competition is defined by the ability to sustain stable performance under high speed, high stitch density, frequent color changes, difficult substrates, and long operating cycles.
• Solution Integration: End users increasingly demand complete solutions (including digitizing tools, parameter libraries, and accessory ecosystems) rather than stand-alone machines.

Macroeconomic and Industry Pressures

• Value Chain Volatility: Tariffs, labor shifts, exchange-rate volatility, and regional manufacturing policies affect investment cycles.
• Human Capital: Long training cycles for skilled digitizers and steep software learning curves.
• Economic Constraints: Budget constraints among smaller buyers and margin pressure from low-price competition.

Downstream Demand Trends

1. Consumer Personalization

Driven by personalized apparel, custom hats, uniforms, team merchandise, and co-branded products, requiring high changeover speed and file compatibility.

2. Commercial Short-Run Responsiveness

Driven by small customization studios, e-commerce sellers, and regional service providers seeking compact, user-friendly, single-head or near-industrial platforms.

3. Industrial Functional Expansion

Driven by large-scale manufacturers prioritizing multi-head mass production, process standardization, and integration with data-driven production management, alongside the rise of high-value technical embroidery use cases.

Market Segmentation

By Type

• Flat Embroidering
• Gold Embroidering
• Towel Embroidering
• Winding Embroidering
• Laser Embroidering
• Others

By Head Count

• Single-Head Embroidery Machine
• Multi-Head Embroidery Machine

By Automation Level

• Manual-Setup Embroidery Machine
• Semi-Automatic Embroidery Machine
• Fully Automatic Embroidery Machine

By Control Connectivity

• Standalone Embroidery Machine
• PC-Connected Embroidery Machine
• Networked Embroidery Machine
• Cloud-Integrated Embroidery Machine

By Application

• Commercial & Industrial
• Home & Decorative Textiles

By Region

• Americas: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil
• APAC: China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia
• Europe: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia
• Middle East & Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Turkey, GCC Countries

Competitive Landscape

Key companies profiled based on expert input, product portfolio, and market penetration include:

• Brother
• JUKI
• Janome
• Singer
• Pfaff
• BERNINA
• Tajima
• Barudan
• Sunstar / SWF
• HappyJapan
• ZSK
• Ricoma
• Melco
• Feiya Group
• Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery
• Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment
• Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology
• Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery
• BAi

Report Scope and Methodology

Report Overview

Produced by LP Information, Inc. (LPI), the "Computer Embroidery Machine Industry Forecast" provides:

• A review of total world sales in 2025.
• Comprehensive analysis of projected sales from 2026 through 2032.
• Detailed breakdowns by region, market sector, and sub-sector in US$ millions.
• Analysis of trends regarding product segmentation, company formation, revenue, market share, latest developments, and M&A activity.
• Evaluation of leading companies' portfolios, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints.

Key Questions Addressed

• What is the 10-year outlook for the global Computer Embroidery Machine market?
• What factors are driving Computer Embroidery Machine market growth, globally and by region?
• Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
• How do Computer Embroidery Machine market opportunities vary by end market size?
• How does Computer Embroidery Machine break out by Type and by Application?

• 1 Scope of the Report

  • 1.1 Market Introduction

  • 1.2 Years Considered

  • 1.3 Research Objectives

  • 1.4 Market Research Methodology

  • 1.5 Research Process and Data Source

  • 1.6 Economic Indicators

  • 1.7 Currency Considered

  • 1.8 Market Estimation Caveats

• 2 Executive Summary

  • 2.1 World Market Overview

    • 2.1.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Sales 2021-2032

    • 2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Computer Embroidery Machine by Geographic Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032

    • 2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Computer Embroidery Machine by Country/Region, 2021, 2025 & 2032

  • 2.2 Computer Embroidery Machine Segment by Type

    • 2.2.1 Flat Embroidering

    • 2.2.2 Gold Embroidering

    • 2.2.3 Towel Embroidering

    • 2.2.4 Winding Embroidering

    • 2.2.5 Laser Embroidering

    • 2.2.6 Others

    • 2.2.7 Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Type

      • 2.2.7.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
      • 2.2.7.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue and Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
      • 2.2.7.3 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Price by Type (2021-2026)

  • 2.3 Computer Embroidery Machine Segment by Head Count

    • 2.3.1 Single-Head Embroidery Machine

    • 2.3.2 Multi-Head Embroidery Machine

    • 2.3.3 Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Head Count

      • 2.3.3.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Market Share by Head Count (2021-2026)
      • 2.3.3.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue and Market Share by Head Count (2021-2026)
      • 2.3.3.3 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Price by Head Count (2021-2026)

  • 2.4 Computer Embroidery Machine Segment by Automation Level

    • 2.4.1 Manual-Setup Embroidery Machine

    • 2.4.2 Semi-Automatic Embroidery Machine

    • 2.4.3 Fully Automatic Embroidery Machine

    • 2.4.4 Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Automation Level

      • 2.4.4.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Market Share by Automation Level (2021-2026)
      • 2.4.4.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue and Market Share by Automation Level (2021-2026)
      • 2.4.4.3 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Price by Automation Level (2021-2026)

  • 2.5 Computer Embroidery Machine Segment by Control Connectivity

    • 2.5.1 Standalone Embroidery Machine

    • 2.5.2 PC-Connected Embroidery Machine

    • 2.5.3 Networked Embroidery Machine

    • 2.5.4 Cloud-Integrated Embroidery Machine

    • 2.5.5 Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Control Connectivity

      • 2.5.5.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Market Share by Control Connectivity (2021-2026)
      • 2.5.5.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue and Market Share by Control Connectivity (2021-2026)
      • 2.5.5.3 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Price by Control Connectivity (2021-2026)

  • 2.6 Computer Embroidery Machine Segment by Application

    • 2.6.1 Commercial & Industrial

    • 2.6.2 Home & Decorative Textiles

    • 2.6.3 Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Application

      • 2.6.3.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
      • 2.6.3.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue and Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
      • 2.6.3.3 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Price by Application (2021-2026)

• 3 Global by Company

  • 3.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Breakdown Data by Company

    • 3.1.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Sales by Company (2021-2026)

    • 3.1.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Market Share by Company (2021-2026)

  • 3.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Revenue by Company (2021-2026)

    • 3.2.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue by Company (2021-2026)

    • 3.2.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue Market Share by Company (2021-2026)

  • 3.3 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Sale Price by Company

  • 3.4 Key Manufacturers Computer Embroidery Machine Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

    • 3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Computer Embroidery Machine Product Location Distribution

    • 3.4.2 Players Computer Embroidery Machine Products Offered

  • 3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis

    • 3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis

    • 3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)

  • 3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants

  • 3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy

• 4 World Historic Review for Computer Embroidery Machine by Geographic Region

  • 4.1 World Historic Computer Embroidery Machine Market Size by Geographic Region (2021-2026)

    • 4.1.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2021-2026)

    • 4.1.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2021-2026)

  • 4.2 World Historic Computer Embroidery Machine Market Size by Country/Region (2021-2026)

    • 4.2.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Sales by Country/Region (2021-2026)

    • 4.2.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)

  • 4.3 Americas Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Growth

  • 4.4 APAC Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Growth

  • 4.5 Europe Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Growth

  • 4.6 Middle East & Africa Computer Embroidery Machine Sales Growth

• 5 Americas

  • 5.1 Americas Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Country

    • 5.1.1 Americas Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Country (2021-2026)

    • 5.1.2 Americas Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue by Country (2021-2026)

  • 5.2 Americas Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Type (2021-2026)

  • 5.3 Americas Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Application (2021-2026)

  • 5.4 United States

  • 5.5 Canada

  • 5.6 Mexico

  • 5.7 Brazil

• 6 APAC

  • 6.1 APAC Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Region

    • 6.1.1 APAC Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Region (2021-2026)

    • 6.1.2 APAC Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue by Region (2021-2026)

  • 6.2 APAC Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Type (2021-2026)

  • 6.3 APAC Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Application (2021-2026)

  • 6.4 China

  • 6.5 Japan

  • 6.6 South Korea

  • 6.7 Southeast Asia

  • 6.8 India

  • 6.9 Australia

  • 6.10 China Taiwan

• 7 Europe

  • 7.1 Europe Computer Embroidery Machine by Country

    • 7.1.1 Europe Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Country (2021-2026)

    • 7.1.2 Europe Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue by Country (2021-2026)

  • 7.2 Europe Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Type (2021-2026)

  • 7.3 Europe Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Application (2021-2026)

  • 7.4 Germany

  • 7.5 France

  • 7.6 UK

  • 7.7 Italy

  • 7.8 Russia

• 8 Middle East & Africa

  • 8.1 Middle East & Africa Computer Embroidery Machine by Country

    • 8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Country (2021-2026)

    • 8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Computer Embroidery Machine Revenue by Country (2021-2026)

  • 8.2 Middle East & Africa Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Type (2021-2026)

  • 8.3 Middle East & Africa Computer Embroidery Machine Sales by Application (2021-2026)

  • 8.4 Egypt

  • 8.5 South Africa

  • 8.6 Israel

  • 8.7 Turkey

  • 8.8 GCC Countries

• 9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

  • 9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities

  • 9.2 Market Challenges & Risks

  • 9.3 Industry Trends

• 10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

  • 10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers

  • 10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Computer Embroidery Machine

  • 10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Computer Embroidery Machine

  • 10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Computer Embroidery Machine

• 11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer

  • 11.1 Sales Channel

    • 11.1.1 Direct Channels

    • 11.1.2 Indirect Channels

  • 11.2 Computer Embroidery Machine Distributors

  • 11.3 Computer Embroidery Machine Customer

• 12 World Forecast Review for Computer Embroidery Machine by Geographic Region

  • 12.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Market Size Forecast by Region

    • 12.1.1 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Forecast by Region (2027-2032)

    • 12.1.2 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2027-2032)

  • 12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2027-2032)

  • 12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2027-2032)

  • 12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2027-2032)

  • 12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2027-2032)

  • 12.6 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Forecast by Type (2027-2032)

  • 12.7 Global Computer Embroidery Machine Forecast by Application (2027-2032)

• 13 Key Players Analysis

  • 13.1 Brother

    • 13.1.1 Brother Company Information

    • 13.1.2 Brother Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.1.3 Brother Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.1.4 Brother Main Business Overview

    • 13.1.5 Brother Latest Developments

  • 13.2 JUKI

    • 13.2.1 JUKI Company Information

    • 13.2.2 JUKI Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.2.3 JUKI Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.2.4 JUKI Main Business Overview

    • 13.2.5 JUKI Latest Developments

  • 13.3 Janome

    • 13.3.1 Janome Company Information

    • 13.3.2 Janome Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.3.3 Janome Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.3.4 Janome Main Business Overview

    • 13.3.5 Janome Latest Developments

  • 13.4 Singer

    • 13.4.1 Singer Company Information

    • 13.4.2 Singer Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.4.3 Singer Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.4.4 Singer Main Business Overview

    • 13.4.5 Singer Latest Developments

  • 13.5 Pfaff

    • 13.5.1 Pfaff Company Information

    • 13.5.2 Pfaff Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.5.3 Pfaff Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.5.4 Pfaff Main Business Overview

    • 13.5.5 Pfaff Latest Developments

  • 13.6 BERNINA

    • 13.6.1 BERNINA Company Information

    • 13.6.2 BERNINA Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.6.3 BERNINA Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.6.4 BERNINA Main Business Overview

    • 13.6.5 BERNINA Latest Developments

  • 13.7 Tajima

    • 13.7.1 Tajima Company Information

    • 13.7.2 Tajima Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.7.3 Tajima Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.7.4 Tajima Main Business Overview

    • 13.7.5 Tajima Latest Developments

  • 13.8 Barudan

    • 13.8.1 Barudan Company Information

    • 13.8.2 Barudan Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.8.3 Barudan Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.8.4 Barudan Main Business Overview

    • 13.8.5 Barudan Latest Developments

  • 13.9 Sunstar / SWF

    • 13.9.1 Sunstar / SWF Company Information

    • 13.9.2 Sunstar / SWF Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.9.3 Sunstar / SWF Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.9.4 Sunstar / SWF Main Business Overview

    • 13.9.5 Sunstar / SWF Latest Developments

  • 13.10 HappyJapan

    • 13.10.1 HappyJapan Company Information

    • 13.10.2 HappyJapan Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.10.3 HappyJapan Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.10.4 HappyJapan Main Business Overview

    • 13.10.5 HappyJapan Latest Developments

  • 13.11 ZSK

    • 13.11.1 ZSK Company Information

    • 13.11.2 ZSK Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.11.3 ZSK Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.11.4 ZSK Main Business Overview

    • 13.11.5 ZSK Latest Developments

  • 13.12 Ricoma

    • 13.12.1 Ricoma Company Information

    • 13.12.2 Ricoma Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.12.3 Ricoma Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.12.4 Ricoma Main Business Overview

    • 13.12.5 Ricoma Latest Developments

  • 13.13 Melco

    • 13.13.1 Melco Company Information

    • 13.13.2 Melco Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.13.3 Melco Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.13.4 Melco Main Business Overview

    • 13.13.5 Melco Latest Developments

  • 13.14 Feiya Group

    • 13.14.1 Feiya Group Company Information

    • 13.14.2 Feiya Group Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.14.3 Feiya Group Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.14.4 Feiya Group Main Business Overview

    • 13.14.5 Feiya Group Latest Developments

  • 13.15 Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery

    • 13.15.1 Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery Company Information

    • 13.15.2 Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.15.3 Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.15.4 Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery Main Business Overview

    • 13.15.5 Tianjin Richpeace Computerized Machinery Latest Developments

  • 13.16 Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment

    • 13.16.1 Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment Company Information

    • 13.16.2 Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.16.3 Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.16.4 Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment Main Business Overview

    • 13.16.5 Zhejiang Yuelong Sewing Equipment Latest Developments

  • 13.17 Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology

    • 13.17.1 Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology Company Information

    • 13.17.2 Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.17.3 Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.17.4 Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology Main Business Overview

    • 13.17.5 Zhejiang Maya Mechanical & Electrical Technology Latest Developments

  • 13.18 Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery

    • 13.18.1 Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery Company Information

    • 13.18.2 Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.18.3 Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.18.4 Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery Main Business Overview

    • 13.18.5 Zhejiang Lejia Electrical Machinery Latest Developments

  • 13.19 BAi

    • 13.19.1 BAi Company Information

    • 13.19.2 BAi Computer Embroidery Machine Product Portfolios and Specifications

    • 13.19.3 BAi Computer Embroidery Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)

    • 13.19.4 BAi Main Business Overview

    • 13.19.5 BAi Latest Developments

• 14 Research Findings and Conclusion