Abstract
Summary
The rare earth permanent magnet material refers to an alloy formed of rare earth metal and a transition metal. This permanent magnet material made by a certain process is extremely magnetic and can be maintained for a long time. Rare earth magnets have been developed for four generations. The first and second generations are RE-Co permanent magnets, ie Co-based permanent magnets: the first generation as type 5 SmCo alloys (SmCo5) and the second generation as Rare-earth Sintered Magnet7 SmCo alloys (Sm2Co17). Since Sm reserve is scare, Co And Ni is also a valuable strategic metal, the first two generations of rare earth permanent magnets have not been widely used,their major market are only for the high-end military area. The third and fourth generation rare earth permanent magnets are RE-FE-B permanent magnets. It is the third generation - NdFeB alloy (Nd2Fe14B), also the most widely used rare earth permanent magnet; the fourth generation is Sm-Fe-N alloy. (Sm2Fe17N3), but Sm-Fe-N alloy has not yet entered the stage of commercial production.
LPI (LP Information)' newest research report, the “Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Industry Forecast” looks at past sales and reviews total world Rare Earth Permanent Magnet sales in 2022, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected Rare Earth Permanent Magnet sales for 2023 through 2029. With Rare Earth Permanent Magnet sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world Rare Earth Permanent Magnet industry.
This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyzes the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on Rare Earth Permanent Magnet portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms' unique position in an accelerating global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market.
This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet and breaks down the forecast by type, by application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet.
The global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market size is projected to grow from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million in 2029; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of % from 2023 to 2029.
United States market for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % from 2023 through 2029.
China market for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % from 2023 through 2029.
Europe market for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % from 2023 through 2029.
Global key Rare Earth Permanent Magnet players cover Hitachi Metals Group, Shin-Etsu, TDK, VAC, Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech, Yunsheng Company, YSM, JL MAG and ZHmag, etc. In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied for a share nearly % in 2022.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
Market Segmentation:
Segmentation by type
Rare-earth Sintered Magnet
Rare-earth Bonded Magnet
Others
Segmentation by application
Automotive
Aerospace & Defense
Power Generation
Consumer Goods & Electronics
Industrial Machinery
Other
This report also splits the market by region:
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.
Hitachi Metals Group
Shin-Etsu
TDK
VAC
Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech
Yunsheng Company
YSM
JL MAG
ZHmag
Jingci Material Science
AT&M
NBJJ
Innuovo Magnetics
SGM
Galaxy Magnetic
Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic
Industry Limited
Earth- Panda
Magsuper
Daido Electronics
Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics
Key Questions Addressed in this Report
What is the 10-year outlook for the global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market?
What factors are driving Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market growth, globally and by region?
Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
How do Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market opportunities vary by end market size?
How does Rare Earth Permanent Magnet break out type, application?
What are the influences of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine war?
LPI (LP Information)' newest research report, the “Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Industry Forecast” looks at past sales and reviews total world Rare Earth Permanent Magnet sales in 2022, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected Rare Earth Permanent Magnet sales for 2023 through 2029. With Rare Earth Permanent Magnet sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world Rare Earth Permanent Magnet industry.
This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyzes the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on Rare Earth Permanent Magnet portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms' unique position in an accelerating global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market.
This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet and breaks down the forecast by type, by application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet.
The global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market size is projected to grow from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million in 2029; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of % from 2023 to 2029.
United States market for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % from 2023 through 2029.
China market for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % from 2023 through 2029.
Europe market for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % from 2023 through 2029.
Global key Rare Earth Permanent Magnet players cover Hitachi Metals Group, Shin-Etsu, TDK, VAC, Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech, Yunsheng Company, YSM, JL MAG and ZHmag, etc. In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied for a share nearly % in 2022.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
Market Segmentation:
Segmentation by type
Rare-earth Sintered Magnet
Rare-earth Bonded Magnet
Others
Segmentation by application
Automotive
Aerospace & Defense
Power Generation
Consumer Goods & Electronics
Industrial Machinery
Other
This report also splits the market by region:
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.
Hitachi Metals Group
Shin-Etsu
TDK
VAC
Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech
Yunsheng Company
YSM
JL MAG
ZHmag
Jingci Material Science
AT&M
NBJJ
Innuovo Magnetics
SGM
Galaxy Magnetic
Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic
Industry Limited
Earth- Panda
Magsuper
Daido Electronics
Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics
Key Questions Addressed in this Report
What is the 10-year outlook for the global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market?
What factors are driving Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market growth, globally and by region?
Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region?
How do Rare Earth Permanent Magnet market opportunities vary by end market size?
How does Rare Earth Permanent Magnet break out type, application?
What are the influences of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine war?
Table of Contents
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Sales 2018-2029
2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Geographic Region, 2018, 2022 & 2029
2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Country/Region, 2018, 2022 & 2029
2.2 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Segment by Type
2.2.1 Rare-earth Sintered Magnet
2.2.2 Rare-earth Bonded Magnet
2.2.3 Others
2.3 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Type
2.3.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
2.3.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue and Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
2.3.3 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sale Price by Type (2018-2023)
2.4 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Segment by Application
2.4.1 Automotive
2.4.2 Aerospace & Defense
2.4.3 Power Generation
2.4.4 Consumer Goods & Electronics
2.4.5 Industrial Machinery
2.4.6 Other
2.5 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Application
2.5.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sale Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
2.5.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue and Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
2.5.3 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sale Price by Application (2018-2023)
3 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Company
3.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Breakdown Data by Company
3.1.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Sales by Company (2018-2023)
3.1.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales Market Share by Company (2018-2023)
3.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Revenue by Company (2018-2023)
3.2.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue by Company (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue Market Share by Company (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sale Price by Company
3.4 Key Manufacturers Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Location Distribution
3.4.2 Players Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Products Offered
3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2018-2023)
3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 World Historic Review for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Geographic Region
4.1 World Historic Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Market Size by Geographic Region (2018-2023)
4.1.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2018-2023)
4.1.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2018-2023)
4.2 World Historic Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Market Size by Country/Region (2018-2023)
4.2.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Sales by Country/Region (2018-2023)
4.2.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2018-2023)
4.3 Americas Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales Growth
4.4 APAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales Growth
4.5 Europe Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales Growth
4.6 Middle East & Africa Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales Growth
5 Americas
5.1 Americas Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Country
5.1.1 Americas Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Country (2018-2023)
5.1.2 Americas Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue by Country (2018-2023)
5.2 Americas Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Type
5.3 Americas Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Application
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Region
6.1.1 APAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Region (2018-2023)
6.1.2 APAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue by Region (2018-2023)
6.2 APAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Type
6.3 APAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Application
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 China Taiwan
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Country
7.1.1 Europe Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Country (2018-2023)
7.1.2 Europe Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue by Country (2018-2023)
7.2 Europe Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Type
7.3 Europe Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Application
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Country
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Country (2018-2023)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Revenue by Country (2018-2023)
8.2 Middle East & Africa Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Type
8.3 Middle East & Africa Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales by Application
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet
10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet
11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer
11.1 Sales Channel
11.1.1 Direct Channels
11.1.2 Indirect Channels
11.2 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Distributors
11.3 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Customer
12 World Forecast Review for Rare Earth Permanent Magnet by Geographic Region
12.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Market Size Forecast by Region
12.1.1 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
12.1.2 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
12.2 Americas Forecast by Country
12.3 APAC Forecast by Region
12.4 Europe Forecast by Country
12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country
12.6 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Forecast by Type
12.7 Global Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Forecast by Application
13 Key Players Analysis
13.1 Hitachi Metals Group
13.1.1 Hitachi Metals Group Company Information
13.1.2 Hitachi Metals Group Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.1.3 Hitachi Metals Group Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.1.4 Hitachi Metals Group Main Business Overview
13.1.5 Hitachi Metals Group Latest Developments
13.2 Shin-Etsu
13.2.1 Shin-Etsu Company Information
13.2.2 Shin-Etsu Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.2.3 Shin-Etsu Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.2.4 Shin-Etsu Main Business Overview
13.2.5 Shin-Etsu Latest Developments
13.3 TDK
13.3.1 TDK Company Information
13.3.2 TDK Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.3.3 TDK Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.3.4 TDK Main Business Overview
13.3.5 TDK Latest Developments
13.4 VAC
13.4.1 VAC Company Information
13.4.2 VAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.4.3 VAC Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.4.4 VAC Main Business Overview
13.4.5 VAC Latest Developments
13.5 Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech
13.5.1 Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech Company Information
13.5.2 Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.5.3 Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.5.4 Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech Main Business Overview
13.5.5 Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-Tech Latest Developments
13.6 Yunsheng Company
13.6.1 Yunsheng Company Company Information
13.6.2 Yunsheng Company Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.6.3 Yunsheng Company Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.6.4 Yunsheng Company Main Business Overview
13.6.5 Yunsheng Company Latest Developments
13.7 YSM
13.7.1 YSM Company Information
13.7.2 YSM Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.7.3 YSM Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.7.4 YSM Main Business Overview
13.7.5 YSM Latest Developments
13.8 JL MAG
13.8.1 JL MAG Company Information
13.8.2 JL MAG Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.8.3 JL MAG Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.8.4 JL MAG Main Business Overview
13.8.5 JL MAG Latest Developments
13.9 ZHmag
13.9.1 ZHmag Company Information
13.9.2 ZHmag Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.9.3 ZHmag Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.9.4 ZHmag Main Business Overview
13.9.5 ZHmag Latest Developments
13.10 Jingci Material Science
13.10.1 Jingci Material Science Company Information
13.10.2 Jingci Material Science Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.10.3 Jingci Material Science Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.10.4 Jingci Material Science Main Business Overview
13.10.5 Jingci Material Science Latest Developments
13.11 AT&M
13.11.1 AT&M Company Information
13.11.2 AT&M Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.11.3 AT&M Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.11.4 AT&M Main Business Overview
13.11.5 AT&M Latest Developments
13.12 NBJJ
13.12.1 NBJJ Company Information
13.12.2 NBJJ Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.12.3 NBJJ Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.12.4 NBJJ Main Business Overview
13.12.5 NBJJ Latest Developments
13.13 Innuovo Magnetics
13.13.1 Innuovo Magnetics Company Information
13.13.2 Innuovo Magnetics Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.13.3 Innuovo Magnetics Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.13.4 Innuovo Magnetics Main Business Overview
13.13.5 Innuovo Magnetics Latest Developments
13.14 SGM
13.14.1 SGM Company Information
13.14.2 SGM Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.14.3 SGM Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.14.4 SGM Main Business Overview
13.14.5 SGM Latest Developments
13.15 Galaxy Magnetic
13.15.1 Galaxy Magnetic Company Information
13.15.2 Galaxy Magnetic Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.15.3 Galaxy Magnetic Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.15.4 Galaxy Magnetic Main Business Overview
13.15.5 Galaxy Magnetic Latest Developments
13.16 Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic
13.16.1 Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic Company Information
13.16.2 Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.16.3 Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.16.4 Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic Main Business Overview
13.16.5 Zhejiang Zhongyuan Magnetic Latest Developments
13.17 Industry Limited
13.17.1 Industry Limited Company Information
13.17.2 Industry Limited Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.17.3 Industry Limited Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.17.4 Industry Limited Main Business Overview
13.17.5 Industry Limited Latest Developments
13.18 Earth- Panda
13.18.1 Earth- Panda Company Information
13.18.2 Earth- Panda Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.18.3 Earth- Panda Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.18.4 Earth- Panda Main Business Overview
13.18.5 Earth- Panda Latest Developments
13.19 Magsuper
13.19.1 Magsuper Company Information
13.19.2 Magsuper Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.19.3 Magsuper Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.19.4 Magsuper Main Business Overview
13.19.5 Magsuper Latest Developments
13.20 Daido Electronics
13.20.1 Daido Electronics Company Information
13.20.2 Daido Electronics Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.20.3 Daido Electronics Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.20.4 Daido Electronics Main Business Overview
13.20.5 Daido Electronics Latest Developments
13.21 Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics
13.21.1 Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics Company Information
13.21.2 Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Product Portfolios and Specifications
13.21.3 Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
13.21.4 Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics Main Business Overview
13.21.5 Pinghu Geor Chi Electronics Latest Developments
14 Research Findings and Conclusion