Abstract
Summary
The global wireless charging market for electric vehicles size is projected to grow from USD 80 Million in 2023 to USD 1279 Million by 2030, at a CAGR of 48.4%. The demand for wireless charging solutions for electric vehicles is anticipated to increase owing to the development of fast-charging infrastructure for electric vehicles across the globe. Also, anticipated rise in sales of electric vehicles paired with advantages of wireless charging over wired charging are expected to bolster the revenue growth of the wireless charging market for electric vehicles.
The PHEVs segment is expected to have significant opportunities during the forecast period
The PHEVs segment of the wireless charging market for electric vehicles is expected to have significant opportunities in Europe during the forecast period. The market growth in Europe in wireless charging can be attributed to leading players in the wireless charging market, such as INTIS Integrated Infrastructure Solutions GmbH (Germany) and ENRX (Norway). These players offer wireless charging technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as well as battery electric vehicles. An increasing number of projects related to smart roads in Germany, UK, Sweden, and Norway is also expected to bolster revenues for the PHEVs segment in Europe during the forecast period. In April 2023, ENRX partnered with Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX) and ASPIRE Engineering Research Center for an initiative to build a one-mile electrified roadway in Florida. Such projects will encourage OEMs to offer OE-fitted wireless charging systems to the PHEVs segment. All these factors are expected to boost the revenue growth of the wireless charging market for electric vehicles.
Power control unit segment is likely have noticeable grow in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles during the forecast period
The power control unit segment Europe is expected to register a noticeable growth with CAGR of 47.1% during the forecast period. UK and Germany are the hubs of electronic component manufacturing in the region and are expected to drive market growth in the European region.
Overall, the incorporation of wireless charging technologies in vehicles by automotive manufacturers, such as Tesla, Inc. (US), Hyundai (South Korea), and BMW Group (Germany), and increasing focus on stationary and dynamic charging technologies are some of the key factors anticipated to support the growth of the overall wireless charging market for electric vehicles. The PCU plays an important role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of wireless charging for EVs. The PCU regulates the power flow between the transmitter and receiver coils. This helps to prevent overheating, arcing, and other potential hazards. The PCU also helps to maximize the efficiency of the charging process, which can help to extend the battery life of the EV.
Europe shows high growth potential for wireless charging market for electric vehicles
Europe region is expected to register the highest growth in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles during the forecast period. This is owing to the increasing sales of EVs equipped with wireless charging systems. An increase in electric vehicle sales and a large number of charging stations would drive the growth of the wireless charging market for electric vehicles in Spain, Norway, Sweden, Austria, and UK, among others. In April 2023, WiTricity Corporation and ABT e-Line announced to bring wireless EV charging to the streets of Europe. With demonstrated experience working with the Volkswagen Group (VW), ABT e-Line (Germany) will initially upgrade the VW ID.4 model by early 2024 to support wireless charging technology offered by WiTricity Corporation. In January 2021, ElectReon completed the deployment of 1.65 km of a dynamic wireless charging system on a public road in Gotland, Sweden..
In-depth interviews were conducted with CEOs, marketing directors, other innovation and technology directors, and executives from various key organizations operating in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:
• By Company Type: OEMs – 30%, Tier 1 –62% and others – 8%,
• By Designation: C Level Executives – 30%, Manager – 55%, and Executives – 15%
• By Region: North America – 36%, Europe – 42%, Asia Pacific – 19%, Rest of World – 3%
The wireless charging market for electric vehicles comprises major manufacturers such as WiTricity Corporation (US), InductEV Inc. (US), Plugless Power Inc. (US), Electreon (Israel), HEVO Inc. (US), WAVE Charging (US), Mojo Mobility Inc. (US), etc.
Research Coverage:
The study covers the wireless charging market for electric vehicles across various segments. It aims at estimating the market size and future growth potential of this market across different segments such as application, component, charging system, charging type, power supply range, propulsion, vehicle type, and region. The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of key market players, their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and acquisitions.
This research report categorizes wireless charging market for electric vehicles by Application (Commercial Charging Stations and Home Charging Units), Component (Base Charging Pads, Power Control Units, and Vehicle Charging Pads), Charging Type (Stationary Wireless Charging Systems and Dynamic Wireless Charging Systems), Propulsion (BEVs and PHEVs), Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, and Commercial Vehicles), Power Supply Range (Up to 3.7 kW, Above 3.7–7.7 kW, Above 7.7–11 kW, and Above 11 kW), Charging System (Magnetic Resonance Charging, Inductive Charging, and Capacitive Charging), and Region (Asia Pacific, Europe, North America and Rest of the World).
The report's scope covers detailed information regarding the major factors, such as drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities, influencing the growth of the wireless charging market for electric vehicles. A detailed analysis of the key industry players provides insights into their business overview, solutions, and services; key strategies; contracts, partnerships, agreements, new product & service launches, mergers and acquisitions, and recent developments associated with the wireless charging market for electric vehicles. Competitive analysis of SMEs/startups in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles ecosystem is covered in this report.
Reasons to buy this report:
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall wireless charging market for electric vehicles and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and to plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Increasing penetration of electric vehicles worldwide, focus toward wireless V2G energy transfer, rapid development of fast-charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, advantages of wireless charging over wired charging, strong government support for emission-free electric vehicles and wireless charging solutions), restraints (High cost of upgrading to wireless charging technology, lower charging efficiency than wired charging), opportunities (Increasing demand for semi-autonomous vehicles, reduced ev prices, increasing support from governments for wireless charging, increasing investments for dynamic wireless charging technology), and challenges (Minimizing loss of efficiency, high investment in infrastructure for dynamic charging) influencing the growth of the wireless charging market for electric vehicles
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the wireless charging market for electric vehicles across varied regions.
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like WiTricity Corporation (US), InductEV Inc. (US), Plugless Power Inc. (US), Electreon (Israel), and HEVO Inc. (US), among others in the wireless charging market for electric vehicles.
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 28
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 28
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 28
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 30
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 31
1.3.1 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 32
1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED 32
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 32
1.5 STAKEHOLDERS 33
1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 34
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 35
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 36
- 2.1.1.1 List of secondary sources 37
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 38
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 39
- 2.1.2.1 List of primary participants 40
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 40
2.2.1 RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 41
2.2.2 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 42
2.2.3 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 43
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION 45
2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 46
2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 48
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 49
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 56
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 56
4.2 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY VEHICLE TYPE FOR REGION 57
4.3 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY PROPULSION TYPE 57
4.4 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY POWER SUPPLY RANGE 58
4.5 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY CHARGING SYSTEM 58
4.6 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY CHARGING TYPE FOR REGION 59
4.7 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY COMPONENT 59
4.8 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY REGION 60
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 61
5.1 INTRODUCTION 61
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 62
5.2.1 DRIVERS 63
- 5.2.1.1 Increasing penetration of electric vehicles worldwide 63
- 5.2.1.2 Growing focus on wireless V2G energy transfer 65
- 5.2.1.3 Rapid development of fast-charging infrastructure for electric vehicles 66
- 5.2.1.4 Rising benefits of wireless charging 67
- 5.2.1.5 Strong government support for emission-free electric vehicles and wireless charging solutions 70
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 71
- 5.2.2.1 High cost of upgrading to wireless charging technology 71
- 5.2.2.2 Lower charging efficiency than wired charging 72
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 73
- 5.2.3.1 Increasing demand for semi-autonomous vehicles 73
- 5.2.3.2 Reduced prices of electric vehicles 74
- 5.2.3.3 Increasing support from governments for wireless charging 75
- 5.2.3.4 Increasing investments in dynamic wireless charging technology 75
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 76
- 5.2.4.1 Minimizing loss of efficiency 76
- 5.2.4.2 High investment in developing charging infrastructure 77
5.2.5 IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS 77
5.3 PRICING ANALYSIS 78
5.3.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TRENDS, BY REGION 78
5.4 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 79
5.5 ECOSYSTEM MAPPING 80
5.5.1 WIRELESS EV CHARGING SYSTEM PROVIDERS 80
5.5.2 OEMS 80
5.5.3 CHARGING STATION SERVICE PROVIDERS 81
5.5.4 ENERGY SERVICE PROVIDERS AND PAYMENT GATEWAYS 81
5.5.5 END USERS 81
5.6 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 82
5.7 PATENT ANALYSIS 83
5.7.1 INTRODUCTION 83
5.7.2 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS (2022) 84
5.7.3 TOP PATENT APPLICANTS, 2022 84
5.8 TARIFF AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 87
5.8.1 REGULATIONS FOR WIRELESS EV CHARGING 87
5.8.2 LIST OF KEY REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 88
5.9 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET SCENARIOS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES (2023-2030) 91
5.9.1 MOST LIKELY SCENARIO 91
5.9.2 OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO 92
5.9.3 PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO 92
5.10 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 93
5.10.1 DELTA ELECTRONICS DEPLOYED WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY 93
5.10.2 DAIHEN CORPORATION INCORPORATED WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY 94
5.10.3 HEVO INC. INCORPORATED WIRELESS CHARGING TO MEET INDUSTRY STANDARDS 94
5.11 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 95
5.11.1 WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 95
- 5.11.1.1 Inductive coupling 95
- 5.11.1.2 Magnetic wireless charging 96
- 5.11.1.2.1 Magnetic resonance coupling 96
- 5.11.1.2.2 Magneto dynamic coupling (MDC) 96
- 5.11.1.3 Capacitive wireless power transfer (CWPT) 97
- 5.11.1.4 Bi-directional chargers 97
- 5.11.1.5 Integration of IoT in EV charging stations 98
5.11.2 DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS CHARGING BY MAJOR AUTOMOTIVE OEMS 99
5.12 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2023-2024 100
5.13 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 101
5.13.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 101
5.13.2 BUYING CRITERIA 102
6 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY CHARGING TYPE 103
6.1 INTRODUCTION 104
6.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 104
6.2 STATIONARY WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEMS 105
6.2.1 RISING EV SALES AND STRONG GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR EV INFRASTRUCTURE TO DRIVE MARKET 105
6.3 DYNAMIC WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEMS 108
6.3.1 SHIFTING TREND TO ZERO-EMISSION VEHICLES TO DRIVE MARKET 108
6.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 110
7 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY COMPONENT 111
7.1 INTRODUCTION 112
7.2 BASE CHARGING PADS 114
7.2.1 RISE IN TRIALS FOR WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY TO DRIVE MARKET 114
7.3 POWER CONTROL UNITS 115
7.3.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON STATIONARY AND DYNAMIC CHARGING TECHNOLOGIES TO DRIVE MARKET 115
7.4 VEHICLE CHARGING PADS 116
7.4.1 COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN OEMS AND WIRELESS CHARGING PROVIDERS TO DRIVE MARKET 116
7.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 117
8 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY APPLICATION 118
8.1 INTRODUCTION 119
8.2 HOME CHARGING UNITS 119
8.2.1 RISING PENETRATION OF BEVS AND PHEVS TO DRIVE MARKET 119
8.3 COMMERCIAL CHARGING STATIONS 120
8.3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE TO DRIVE MARKET 120
8.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 122
9 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY CHARGING SYSTEM 123
9.1 INTRODUCTION 124
9.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 126
9.2 MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHARGING 126
9.2.1 HIGHER EFFICIENCY IN POWER TRANSFER TO DRIVE MARKET 126
9.3 INDUCTIVE CHARGING 127
9.3.1 DEMAND FOR SAFETY IN EV CHARGING SOLUTIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 127
9.4 CAPACITIVE CHARGING 129
9.4.1 USE IN MEDICAL IMPLANTS, ELECTRIC VEHICLES, AND INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION TO DRIVE MARKET 129
9.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 129
10 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY POWER SUPPLY RANGE 130
10.1 INTRODUCTION 131
10.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 132
10.2 UP TO 3.7 KW 132
10.2.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR HOME CHARGING UNITS TO DRIVE MARKET 132
10.3 ABOVE 3.7-7.7 KW 133
10.3.1 GROWING USE OF EVS IN ASIA PACIFIC TO DRIVE MARKET 133
10.4 ABOVE 7.7-11 KW 134
10.4.1 INCREASING NUMBER OF EV CHARGING SOLUTION PROVIDERS TO DRIVE MARKET 134
10.5 ABOVE 11 KW 135
10.5.1 DEMAND FOR EFFICIENT WIRELESS CHARGING TO DRIVE MARKET 135
10.6 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 135
11 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY VEHICLE TYPE 136
11.1 INTRODUCTION 137
11.2 PASSENGER CARS 137
11.2.1 RISING INVESTMENTS IN AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY TO DRIVE MARKET 137
11.3 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 139
11.3.1 ELECTRIC BUSES 139
- 11.3.1.1 Incorporation of wireless charging systems in commercial electric buses to drive market 139
11.3.2 ELECTRIC VANS 139
- 11.3.2.1 Increasing adoption in logistics industry to drive market 139
11.3.3 ELECTRIC PICK-UP TRUCKS 140
- 11.3.3.1 Rising demand for effective and emission-free EVs for freight transportation to drive market 140
11.3.4 ELECTRIC TRUCKS 140
- 11.3.4.1 Improved battery efficiency and affordability to drive market 140
11.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 141
12 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY PROPULSION 142
12.1 INTRODUCTION 143
12.2 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES 145
12.2.1 GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES AND INVESTMENTS IN WIRELESS CHARGING TO DRIVE MARKET 145
12.3 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 146
12.3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SMART ROAD PROJECTS IN EUROPE TO DRIVE MARKET 146
12.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 148
13 WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY REGION 149
13.1 INTRODUCTION 150
13.2 ASIA PACIFIC 152
13.2.1 ASIA PACIFIC: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 152
13.2.2 CHINA 154
- 13.2.2.1 Increasing efforts to standardize wireless charging to drive market 154
13.2.3 INDIA 155
- 13.2.3.1 Favorable government measures to drive market 155
13.2.4 JAPAN 156
- 13.2.4.1 Presence of major electric vehicle manufacturers to drive market 156
13.2.5 SOUTH KOREA 157
- 13.2.5.1 Increased investment in wireless charging technology by key manufacturers to drive market 157
13.3 EUROPE 158
13.3.1 EUROPE: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 159
13.3.2 FRANCE 161
- 13.3.2.1 Environmental bonus for electric vehicles to drive market 161
13.3.3 GERMANY 162
- 13.3.3.1 New projects by suppliers and manufacturers to drive market 162
13.3.4 NETHERLANDS 163
- 13.3.4.1 Huge investments in electric vehicle technology to drive market 163
13.3.5 NORWAY 164
- 13.3.5.1 Tax exemptions for electric vehicles to drive market 164
13.3.6 SPAIN 165
- 13.3.6.1 Increased sales of BEVs to drive market 165
13.3.7 SWEDEN 166
- 13.3.7.1 Rapid investments in dynamic wireless charging to drive market 166
13.3.8 SWITZERLAND 167
- 13.3.8.1 Stringent emission norms and electrification of existing vehicles to drive market 167
13.3.9 UK 168
- 13.3.9.1 Financing from government for wireless charging solutions to drive market 168
13.3.10 REST OF EUROPE 169
13.4 NORTH AMERICA 170
13.4.1 NORTH AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 170
13.4.2 CANADA 172
- 13.4.2.1 Affordable EVs and focus on sustainable transportation solutions to drive market 172
13.4.3 US 174
- 13.4.3.1 Innovations in automotive sector and increased production to drive market 174
13.5 REST OF THE WORLD 175
13.5.1 REST OF THE WORLD: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 175
13.5.2 BRAZIL 175
- 13.5.2.1 Increasing acceptance of EVs and demand for wireless charging systems to drive market 175
13.5.3 SOUTH AFRICA 176
- 13.5.3.1 Growing consumer confidence in new generation EVs to drive market 176
13.5.4 OTHER COUNTRIES 176
14 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 178
14.1 OVERVIEW 178
14.2 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS 178
14.3 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 179
14.3.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 180
14.3.2 DEALS 181
14.3.3 OTHERS 182
14.4 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX 183
14.4.1 STARS 183
14.4.2 EMERGING LEADERS 183
14.4.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 183
14.4.4 PARTICIPANTS 183
14.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 185
14.6 STARTUP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX 186
14.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 186
14.6.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 186
14.6.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 187
14.6.4 STARTING BLOCKS 187
14.7 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 188
14.7.1 DETAILED LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 188
14.7.2 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 189
14.8 RIGHT TO WIN, 2020-2023 190
15 COMPANY PROFILES 191
15.1 KEY PLAYERS 191
15.1.1 WITRICITY CORPORATION 191
15.1.2 INDUCTEV, INC 198
15.1.3 HEVO INC 202
15.1.4 ELECTREON 205
15.1.5 PLUGLESS POWER INC 210
15.1.6 WAVE CHARGING 213
15.1.7 INTIS INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS GMBH 215
15.1.8 ENRX 217
15.1.9 MOJO MOBILITY INC 219
15.1.10 SHENZHEN VMAX NEW ENERGY CO., LTD 221
15.2 OTHER PLAYERS 222
15.2.1 INTEGRATED ROADWAYS LLC 222
15.2.2 WIFERION 222
15.2.3 WIPOWERONE INC 223
15.2.4 CONTINENTAL AG 223
15.2.5 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD 224
15.2.6 ELIX WIRELESS INC 224
15.2.7 FORTUM 225
15.2.8 DAIHEN CORPORATION 225
15.2.9 ZHEJIANG VIE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD 226
15.2.10 SUZHOU ANJIE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD 226
15.2.11 VOLKSWAGEN AG 227
15.2.12 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 227
15.2.13 TESLA, INC 228
15.2.14 HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD 228
15.2.15 MERCEDES-BENZ AG 229
15.2.16 BMW GROUP 229
16 RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS 230
16.1 EUROPE TO BE MAJOR WIRELESS CHARGING MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 230
16.2 INITIATIVES TO ADOPT WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEMS TO DRIVE MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC 230
16.3 CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA TO BE PROMISING MARKETS FOR MANUFACTURERS 231
16.4 HOME CHARGING UNITS TO BE KEY FOCUS FOR MANUFACTURERS 231
16.5 CONCLUSION 231
17 APPENDIX 232
17.1 KEY INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 232
17.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 233
17.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 235
17.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 237
17.5 RELATED REPORTS 237
17.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 238