Abstract
Summary
The display market is projected to reach USD 187.8 billion by 2028 from USD 157.8 billion in 2023 at a CAGR of 3.5% during the forecast period. The major factors driving the growth of display market are surging adoption of OLED displays in various applications, increasing demand for displays in the automotive and healthcare industries, increasing use of LED displays video walls, TVs, and digital signage applications. Moreover, the growing adoption of flexible and foldable displays, rapid adoption of AMOLED displays, especially due to the introduction of 5G, emerging use cases of displays to provide lucrative growth opportunities for manufacturers, and micro-LED and mini-LED technologies are expected to carve out new growth opportunities for market players.
“Large format displays & digital signage to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period”
Large format displays & digital signage displays are generally used in public spaces, hotels, restaurants, transportation systems, museums, stadiums, corporate buildings, and retail stores. They are used for marketing, wayfinding, exhibitions, and outdoor advertising. The growth of this segment is driven by several factors, including the increasing adoption of digital signage by businesses and organizations for advertising and promotional purposes.
“Sports and entertainment to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period”
In the sports and entertainment vertical, display panels are extensively used in large format displays (LFDs) and AR/VR HMDs. These devices are used in scoreboards, advertisement boards, information displays, and live play in the sports industry. In the entertainment sector, LFDs are used to inform, inspire, and entertain customers and visitors at programs or shows, providing the latest information regarding product offerings, brand advertising, live match scores, and post-event happenings. The wide range of applications of displays in sports and entertainment vertical is driving the market growth.
“North America is expected to account for the second largest market share during the forecast period"
North America has a vast consumer electronics vendor base that offers a variety of display products such as smartphones, TVs, laptops, and smartwatches. Some prominent vendors include Apple, Microsoft, Dell, and HP. In addition, due to the presence of Apple, the US witnesses a high demand for display panels. These vendors offer cutting-edge technologies such as OLED, LED, LCD, and quantum dot displays, providing consumers with a broad range of options. The presence of vast consumer electronics vendor base and adoption of new technologies such as micro-LED, quantum dot, and mini-LED is expected to further boost the growth of the display industry in North America.
The break-up of profile of primary participants in the display market-
• By Company Type: Tier 1 – 50%, Tier 2 – 30%, Tier 3 – 20%
• By Designation Type: C Level – 35%, Director Level – 30% , Others – 35%
• By Region Type: North America – 40%, Europe – 25%, Asia Pacific – 20%, Rest of the World – 15%
The major players in the display market are Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea), BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd. (China), LG Display Co., Ltd. (South Korea), AUO Corporation (Taiwan), and Innolux Corporation (Taiwan) among others.
Research Coverage
The report segments the display market and forecasts its size based on display technology, panel size, product type, vertical, and region. The report also provides a comprehensive review of drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges influencing the market growth. The report also covers qualitative aspects in addition to the quantitative aspects of the market.
Reasons to buy the report:
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximate revenues for the overall display market and related segments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to strengthen their position in the market and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Surging adoption of OLED displays in various applications, increasing demand for displays in the automotive and healthcare industries, increasing use of LED displays video walls, TVs, and digital signage applications, growing demand of interactive displays in various applications, and Increased adoption of IoT applications in industrial display market), restraints ( decline in demand for displays in the retail sector due to a drastic shift toward online advertisement and shopping and the deployment of widescreen alternatives such as projectors and screenless displays), opportunities (the growing adoption of flexible and foldable displays, rapid adoption of AMOLED displays, especially due to the introduction of 5G, emerging use cases of displays to provide lucrative growth opportunities for manufacturers, and micro LED and mini LED technologies to carve out new growth avenues for the display market), and challenges (high cost associated with industrial displays and technological obsolescence) influencing the growth of the display market
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the display market
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the display market across varied regions
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the display market
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies and product offerings of leading players like Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea), BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd. (China), LG Display Co., Ltd. (South Korea), AUO Corporation (Taiwan), and Innolux Corporation (Taiwan).
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 30
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 30
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 30
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 31
1.2.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 31
1.2.3 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 31
1.2.4 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 31
1.2.5 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 31
1.2.6 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 32
1.2.7 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 32
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 33
1.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION 33
1.3.2 REGIONAL SCOPE 34
1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED 34
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 35
1.5 LIMITATIONS 35
1.6 UNITS CONSIDERED 35
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS 35
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 37
2.1 RESEARCH APPROACH 37
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 38
- 2.1.1.1 Major secondary sources 38
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 39
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 39
- 2.1.2.1 Primary interviews with experts 39
- 2.1.2.2 List of key primary interview participants 40
- 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primaries 40
- 2.1.2.4 Key data from primary sources 41
- 2.1.2.5 Secondary and primary research 42
- 2.1.2.6 Key industry insights 42
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 43
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 43
2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 44
2.3 FACTOR ANALYSIS 45
2.3.1 DEMAND-SIDE ANALYSIS 45
2.3.2 SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 46
2.3.3 GROWTH FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS 47
2.4 RECESSION IMPACT 47
2.5 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 48
2.6 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 49
2.7 RISK ASSESSMENT 49
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 50
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 56
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN DISPLAY MARKET 56
4.2 DISPLAY MARKET, BY DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY 57
4.3 DISPLAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE 57
4.4 DISPLAY MARKET, BY PANEL SIZE 58
4.5 DISPLAY MARKET, BY VERTICAL 58
4.6 ASIA PACIFIC: DISPLAY MARKET, BY DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND COUNTRY, 2022 59
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 60
5.1 INTRODUCTION 60
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 60
5.2.1 DRIVERS 61
- 5.2.1.1 Surging adoption of OLED displays in various applications 61
- 5.2.1.2 Increasing use of LED displays for video walls, TVs, and digital signage applications 62
- 5.2.1.3 Increasing applications of displays in automotive and healthcare industries 63
- 5.2.1.4 Growing popularity of interactive displays 64
- 5.2.1.5 Rising adoption of IoT applications in industrial display market 64
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 65
- 5.2.2.1 Decline in demand for displays in retail sector due to drastic shift toward online advertisement and shopping 65
- 5.2.2.2 Deployment of widescreen alternatives, such as projectors and screenless displays, and emergence of new display concepts 66
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 67
- 5.2.3.1 Growing adoption of flexible and foldable displays 67
- 5.2.3.2 Rapid adoption of AMOLED displays, especially post 5G rollout 67
- 5.2.3.3 Evolving micro-LED and mini-LED technologies leading to new growth avenues 68
- 5.2.3.4 Emerging use cases of displays 69
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 70
- 5.2.4.1 High costs associated with new display technology-based products 70
- 5.2.4.2 Technological obsolescence 71
5.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 71
5.4 DISPLAY MARKET: ECOSYSTEM 74
5.5 KEY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 75
5.5.1 IMMERSIVE DISPLAYS 75
5.5.2 QD-OLED 75
5.5.3 FLEXIBLE AND FOLDABLE DISPLAYS 75
5.5.4 MICRO-LED 76
5.5.5 E-PAPER TECHNOLOGY 76
5.5.6 PROJECTION TECHNOLOGY 77
5.6 PRICING ANALYSIS 77
5.6.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND 77
5.6.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY PRODUCT TYPE 78
5.7 PATENT ANALYSIS 79
5.8 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 83
5.8.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 84
5.8.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 85
5.8.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 85
5.8.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 85
5.8.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 85
5.9 KEY STAKEHOLDERS & BUYING CRITERIA 86
5.9.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 86
5.9.2 BUYING CRITERIA 86
5.10 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 87
5.10.1 SYCUAN CASINO RESORT ENHANCED GUEST EXPERIENCE BY ADDING HUNDREDS OF SAMSUNG DIGITAL DISPLAYS 87
5.10.2 SCIEMENT IMPROVED VISUALIZATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS, AND COMPLEX BLOOD VESSELS WITH SONY’S SPATIAL REALITY DISPLAYS 87
5.10.3 AMU PLAZA KUMAMOTO (JAPAN) PROVIDED TIMELY INFORMATION TO CUSTOMERS USING PANASONIC’S COMPREHENSIVE DISPLAY SOLUTION 88
5.10.4 BURT BROTHERS TIRE & SERVICES ENHANCED VISUAL EXPERIENCE FOR CUSTOMERS WITH DIGITAL SIGNAGE 88
5.10.5 EUROLACKE REDESIGNED OFFICE SPACE WITH SHARP’S DISPLAY SOLUTIONS 88
5.11 TRADE DATA 89
5.12 TARIFFS AND REGULATIONS 91
5.12.1 TARIFFS 91
5.12.2 STANDARDS 91
- 5.12.2.1 Global 91
- 5.12.2.2 Europe 92
- 5.12.2.3 Asia Pacific 92
- 5.12.2.4 North America 93
5.12.3 REGULATIONS 93
- 5.12.3.1 North America 93
- 5.12.3.2 Europe 93
- 5.12.3.3 Asia Pacific 94
5.13 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 94
5.14 KEY CONFERENCES & EVENTS, 2023 95
6 DISPLAY MARKET, BY PANEL SIZE 97
6.1 INTRODUCTION 98
6.2 MICRODISPLAYS 99
6.2.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR WEARABLE DEVICES TO INDUCE DEMAND FOR MICRODISPLAYS 99
6.3 SMALL & MEDIUM-SIZED PANELS 101
6.3.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR SMARTPHONES TO GENERATE DEMAND FOR SMALL & MEDIUM-SIZED DISPLAY PANELS 101
6.4 LARGE PANELS 103
6.4.1 GROWING TELEVISION MARKET TO DRIVE DEMAND FOR LARGE PANELS 103
7 DISPLAY MARKET, BY DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY 105
7.1 INTRODUCTION 106
7.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) 108
7.2.1 TWISTED NEMATIC (TN) DISPLAY 111
- 7.2.1.1 Cost- and energy-efficient option for displaying text and images on electronic devices 111
7.2.2 IN-PLANE SWITCHING (IPS) DISPLAY 112
- 7.2.2.1 Offers wider viewing experience 112
7.2.3 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT (VA) 112
- 7.2.3.1 Offers vibrant colors and deep blacks 112
7.2.4 ADVANCED FRINGE FIELD SWITCHING (AFFS) 112
- 7.2.4.1 Consumes low power and ideal for portable electronic devices 112
7.2.5 LED-BACKLIGHT LCD 113
- 7.2.5.1 Cost-efficient and environment-friendly 113
7.2.6 THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS (TFTS) 113
- 7.2.6.1 Offer high resolution, color accuracy, and faster response times 113
7.3 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (OLED) 113
7.3.1 PASSIVE MATRIX ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (PMOLED) 116
- 7.3.1.1 Extensively used in wearable devices due to low power consumption 116
7.3.2 ACTIVE-MATRIX ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (AMOLED) 116
- 7.3.2.1 Offers faster refresh rates and better contrast ratios compared to other types of displays 116
7.4 MICRO-LED 117
7.4.1 BENEFITS SUCH AS IMPROVED CONTRAST, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND QUICKER RESPONSE TIME TO DRIVE DEMAND FOR MICRO-LED DISPLAYS 117
7.5 DIRECT-VIEW LED (DLED) 120
7.5.1 DIRECT-VIEW FINE-PIXEL LED 121
- 7.5.1.1 Emerging technology for digital signage 121
7.5.2 DIRECT-VIEW LARGE-PIXEL LED 121
- 7.5.2.1 Preferred for indoor applications 121
7.6 QUANTUM DOT DISPLAY (QD DISPLAY) 122
7.6.1 BENEFITS SUCH AS BETTER COLOR GAMUT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY TO DRIVE MARKET 122
7.7 OTHERS 123
8 DISPLAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE 126
8.1 INTRODUCTION 127
8.2 SMARTPHONES 129
8.2.1 LCD, OLED, AND AMOLED AMONG KEY DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMARTPHONES 129
8.3 TELEVISION SETS 131
8.3.1 QUANTUM DOT DISPLAYS GAINING POPULARITY AMONG HIGH-END TELEVISION SETS 131
8.4 MONITORS & LAPTOPS 132
8.4.1 LCD TECHNOLOGY PREDOMINANTLY USED IN MONITORS & LAPTOPS 132
8.5 DIGITAL SIGNAGE & LARGE FORMAT DISPLAYS 134
8.5.1 LCD AND LED TECHNOLOGIES MOST COMMONLY USED IN LARGE FORMAT DISPLAYS AND DIGITAL SIGNAGE 134
8.6 AUTOMOTIVE DISPLAYS 136
8.6.1 OLED TECHNOLOGY PREFERRED IN AUTOMOTIVE DISPLAYS DUE TO THEIR SUPERIOR PICTURE QUALITY, SHARPNESS, AND VISIBILITY 136
8.7 TABLETS 137
8.7.1 EXTENSIVE USE OF OLED AND AMOLED DISPLAYS DUE TO THEIR SUPERIOR IMAGE QUALITY AND POWER EFFICIENCY 137
8.8 SMART WEARABLES 138
8.8.1 SMARTWATCHES 140
- 8.8.1.1 Micro-LED displays to be potential replacement for OLED displays in smartwatches 140
8.8.2 AR HMDS 141
- 8.8.2.1 MicroLED to emerge as disruptive technology for AR HMDs 141
8.8.3 VR HMDS 143
- 8.8.3.1 LCD, OLED, and retinal projection commonly used in VR HMDs 143
8.9 OTHERS 144
9 DISPLAY MARKET, BY VERTICAL 147
9.1 INTRODUCTION 148
9.2 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 150
9.2.1 GROWING USE OF OLED AND MICRO-LED DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TO DRIVE MARKET 150
9.3 AUTOMOTIVE 151
9.3.1 INCREASING USE OF OLED DISPLAYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 151
9.4 SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT 151
9.4.1 RAPID PENETRATION OF AR/VR HMDS IN SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT TO PROPEL MARKET GROWTH 151
9.5 TRANSPORTATION 152
9.5.1 TRANSPORTATION VERTICAL TO GENERATE HIGH DEMAND FOR LARGE FORMAT DISPLAYS 152
9.6 RETAIL, HOSPITALITY, AND BANKING, FINANCIAL SERVICES AND INSURANCE (BFSI) 153
9.6.1 INCREASING ADOPTION OF DIGITAL SIGNAGE IN RETAIL, HOSPITALITY, AND BFSI TO DRIVE MARKET 153
9.7 INDUSTRIAL & ENTERPRISES 154
9.7.1 INCREASING USE OF AR/VR IN INDUSTRIES AND ENTERPRISES TO FUEL MARKET GROWTH 154
9.8 EDUCATION 154
9.8.1 TRANSITION TO ONLINE LEARNING TO CONTRIBUTE TO MARKET GROWTH 154
9.9 HEALTHCARE 155
9.9.1 INCREASING ADOPTION OF DISPLAYS TO VISUALIZE MEDICAL IMAGES TO DRIVE MARKET 155
9.10 AEROSPACE & DEFENSE 155
9.10.1 INCREASING USE OF HUDS AND MFDS TO ACCELERATE MARKET GROWTH 155
9.11 OTHERS 156
10 DISPLAY MARKET, BY RESOLUTION 157
10.1 INTRODUCTION 157
10.2 8K 157
10.2.1 8K DISPLAYS IN EVOLUTION PHASE 157
10.3 4K 158
10.3.1 OFFERS HIGHLY VIBRANT AND REALISTIC IMAGES 158
10.4 FULL HIGH DEFINITION (FHD) 158
10.4.1 OFFERS ADVANTAGES SUCH AS LOW PRICE AND SUPERIOR PICTURE QUALITY 158
10.5 HIGH DEFINITION (HD) 159
10.5.1 EXTENSIVELY USED FOR GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED VIDEO CONTENT 159
10.6 LOWER THAN HD 159
10.6.1 LOWER-THAN-HD DISPLAYS MAINLY USED FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 159
11 DISPLAY MARKET, BY REGION 160
11.1 INTRODUCTION 161
11.2 NORTH AMERICA 162
11.2.1 NORTH AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT 165
11.2.2 US 165
- 11.2.2.1 Technological advancements related to displays to foster market growth 165
11.2.3 CANADA 166
- 11.2.3.1 Increasing adoption of displays in food service and transportation industries to drive market 166
11.2.4 MEXICO 166
- 11.2.4.1 Expanding consumer electronics, automotive, and retail verticals to support market growth 166
11.3 EUROPE 167
11.3.1 EUROPE: RECESSION IMPACT 169
11.3.2 GERMANY 170
- 11.3.2.1 Increasing adoption of displays in automotive industry to drive market 170
11.3.3 FRANCE 170
- 11.3.3.1 Growing aerospace & defense industry to drive market 170
11.3.4 UK 171
- 11.3.4.1 Heightened demand for smartphones and AR/VR HMDs to propel market growth 171
11.3.5 REST OF EUROPE 171
11.4 ASIA PACIFIC 171
11.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC: RECESSION IMPACT 174
11.4.2 CHINA 174
- 11.4.2.1 Supportive government initiatives to drive market growth 174
11.4.3 SOUTH KOREA 175
- 11.4.3.1 Presence of key display manufacturers to foster market growth 175
11.4.4 JAPAN 176
- 11.4.4.1 Presence of key component suppliers of displays to foster market growth 176
11.4.5 TAIWAN 176
- 11.4.5.1 Surge in production of display panels to augment market growth 176
11.4.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 177
11.5 REST OF THE WORLD 177
11.5.1 REST OF THE WORLD: RECESSION IMPACT 178
11.5.2 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 179
- 11.5.2.1 Expanding retail and transportation verticals to contribute to market growth 179
11.5.3 SOUTH AMERICA 179
- 11.5.3.1 Increasing adoption of large format displays in outdoor advertising to enhance market growth 179
12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 180
12.1 INTRODUCTION 180
12.2 MARKET EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 180
12.2.1 ORGANIC/INORGANIC GROWTH STRATEGIES 182
12.2.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 182
12.2.3 GEOGRAPHIC PRESENCE 182
12.2.4 MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION FOOTPRINT 182
12.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022 182
12.4 HISTORICAL REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2018-2022 184
12.5 COMPANY EVALUATION QUADRANT 185
12.5.1 STARS 185
12.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS 185
12.5.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 185
12.5.4 PARTICIPANTS 185
12.6 STARTUPS/SMES EVALUATION QUADRANT 187
12.6.1 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 187
12.6.2 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 189
12.6.3 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 189
12.6.4 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 189
12.6.5 STARTING BLOCKS 189
12.7 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 191
12.8 COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS AND TRENDS 195
12.8.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 195
12.8.2 DEALS 203
12.8.3 OTHERS 207
13 COMPANY PROFILES 208
13.1 INTRODUCTION 208
13.2 KEY PLAYERS 208
13.2.1 SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD 208
13.2.2 BOE TECHNOLOGY GROUP CO., LTD 212
13.2.3 LG DISPLAY CO., LTD 219
13.2.4 AUO CORPORATION 226
13.2.5 INNOLUX CORPORATION 233
13.2.6 SHARP CORPORATION 238
13.2.7 JAPAN DISPLAY INC 242
13.2.8 SONY GROUP CORPORATION 246
13.2.9 LEYARD OPTOELECTRONIC CO LTD 250
13.2.10 QISDA CORPORATION 254
13.2.11 VIA OPTRONICS AG 257
13.3 OTHER PLAYERS 261
13.3.1 E INK HOLDINGS INC 261
13.3.2 TIANMA MICROELECTRONICS CO., LTD 262
13.3.3 UNIVERSAL DISPLAY 263
13.3.4 TRULY INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LTD 264
13.3.5 PANASONIC HOLDINGS CORPORATION 265
13.3.6 TCL CHINA STAR OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD 265
13.3.7 HANNSTAR DISPLAY CORP 266
13.3.8 EMAGIN CORP 267
13.3.9 KOPIN CORPORATION 267
13.3.10 NORITAKE ITRON CORP 268
13.3.11 PLESSEY SEMICONDUCTORS LTD 268
13.3.12 ELUX INC 269
13.3.13 VISIONOX COMPANY 269
13.3.14 WINSTAR DISPLAY CO., LTD 270
13.3.15 WISECHIP SEMICONDUCTOR INC 271
14 APPENDIX 272
14.1 INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 272
14.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 277
14.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 279
14.4 RELATED REPORTS 279
14.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 280