Abstract
Summary
The automotive carbon thermoplastic market is projected to grow from USD 522 million in 2023 to USD 983 million by 2028, at a CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period. Engine covers, rocker valves, airbag containers, and automotive pedals are some other applications of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composites. CF/PA also is being deployed in exterior and interior automotive parts. These include door modules, body-in white components, steering wheel components, seat structures, exterior mirrors, front-end grilles, and trim.
‘‘In terms of value, chassis application accounted for the third-largest share of the overall automotive carbon thermoplastic market.’’
Automakers today readily acknowledge that CFRP is an ideal means to reduce vehicle mass without sacrificing occupant safety or driving performance as OEMs seek to meet more stringent U.S. fuel economy standards and significantly more difficult European tailpipe emission limits. But the high cost of carbon fiber, the time and expense of autoclave processing and lack of predictive-engineering tools have kept away all but a handful of supercar and high-end sports car builders. Today, most of the racing car chassis, monocoque, wheels, suspension, wings, and engine cover, are built with CFRP composites.
“During the forecast period, the automotive carbon thermoplastic market in Asia Pacific region is projected to register highest CAGR.”
Asia Pacific is projected to dominate the automotive carbon thermoplastic market, particularly with regard to electric vehicle production. The market in this region has undergone a significant transformation due to the domestic presence of well-established raw material suppliers, composite product and component manufacturers, and OEMs. The ecosystems of these adjacent industries are more likely to act in favor of the growth of the automotive carbon thermoplastic market. Rapid economic growth of Asian countries, growing industrialization and urbanization, increasing per capita income, and rising consumer power have raised the demand for advanced technology, fueling the growth of the automotive carbon thermoplastic market.
This study has been validated through primary interviews with industry experts globally. These primary sources have been divided into the following three categories:
• By Company Type- Tier 1- 40%, Tier 2- 33%, and Tier 3- 27%
• By Designation- C Level- 50%, Directors- 30%, and Executives- 20%
• By Region- North America- 15%, Europe- 50%, Asia Pacific - 20%, Latin America-5%, Middle East & Africa -10%.
The report provides a comprehensive analysis of company profiles:
Prominent companies include BASF SE (Germany), Solvay (Belgium), Avient Corporation (US), Celanese Corporation (US), Toray Industries, Inc. (Japan), Teijin Limited (Japan), Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation (Japan), SGL Carbon (Germany), Asahi Kasei Corporation (Japan), CompLam Material Co., Ltd. (Taiwan), Ensinger (Germany), and Jiangsu QIYI Technology Co., Ltd. (China), among others.
Research Coverage
This research report categorizes the automotive carbon thermoplastic Market by Resin Type (PA, PEEK, PPS, PC, PP, and Others), Application (Exterior, Interior, Chassis, Powertrain & UTH), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, the Middle East & Africa, and Latin America). The scope of the report includes detailed information about the major factors influencing the growth of the automotive carbon thermoplastic market, such as drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities. A thorough examination of the key industry players has been conducted in order to provide insights into their business overview, solutions, and services, key strategies, contracts, partnerships, and agreements. New product and service launches, mergers and acquisitions, and recent developments in the automotive carbon thermoplastic market are all covered. This report includes a competitive analysis of upcoming startups in the automotive carbon thermoplastic market ecosystem.
Reasons to buy this report:
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall automotive carbon thermoplastic market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Increase in demand of fuel efficient vehicles, Increasing use of automotive carbon thermoplastic in interior & exterior applications, New technological advancements,), restraints (high carbon fiber and production cost, stiff competition from thermoset composites), opportunities (Changing focus of automotive OEMs towards CFRTP), and challenges (Need for low cost technologies, Capital-intensive manufacturing process of carbon fiber) influencing the growth of the automotive carbon thermoplastic market
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the automotive carbon thermoplastic market
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the automotive carbon thermoplastic market across varied
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the automotive carbon thermoplastic market
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies and service offerings of leading players like BASF SE (Germany), Solvay (Belgium), Avient Corporation (US), Celanese Corporation (US), Toray Industries, Inc. (Japan), Teijin Limited (Japan), Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation (Japan), SGL Carbon (Germany), Asahi Kasei Corporation (Japan), among others in the automotive carbon thermoplastic market
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 39
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 39
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 39
1.3 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 40
1.4 MARKET SCOPE 41
1.4.1 REGIONS COVERED 41
1.4.2 YEARS CONSIDERED 42
1.5 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 42
1.6 UNIT CONSIDERED 42
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS 43
1.8 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 43
1.8.1 IMPACT OF RECESSION 43
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 44
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 44
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 45
- 2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 45
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 45
- 2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 46
- 2.1.2.2 Primary interviews-top automotive carbon thermoplastic manufacturers 46
- 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primary interviews 47
- 2.1.2.4 Key industry insights 47
2.2 BASE NUMBER CALCULATION 48
2.2.1 APPROACH 1: SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 48
2.2.2 APPROACH 2: DEMAND-SIDE ANALYSIS 48
2.3 MARKET FORECAST APPROACH 49
2.3.1 SUPPLY SIDE 49
2.3.2 DEMAND SIDE 49
2.4 GROWTH FORECAST 49
2.5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 50
2.5.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 50
2.5.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 50
2.6 DATA TRIANGULATION 51
2.7 RECESSION IMPACT 52
2.8 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 53
2.9 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 54
2.10 RISK ANALYSIS 54
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 55
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 59
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN AUTOMOTIVE CARBON
4.2 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION AND REGION, 2022 60
4.3 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE, 2022 60
4.4 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET GROWTH, BY KEY COUNTRY 61
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 62
5.1 INTRODUCTION 62
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 62
5.2.1 DRIVERS 63
- 5.2.1.1 Increase in demand for fuel-efficient vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and GHGs 63
- 5.2.1.2 Reduced weight and parts consolidation 63
- 5.2.1.3 Joint ventures of OEMs and carbon fiber suppliers 64
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 64
- 5.2.2.1 High cost of carbon fiber 64
- 5.2.2.2 Stiff competition from thermoset composites 64
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 65
- 5.2.3.1 Emission regulations encouraging OEMs to shift focus to carbon fiber composites 65
- 5.2.3.2 Reduced cycle time of manufacturing process 65
- 5.2.3.3 OEMs looking for complete solution from suppliers 66
- 5.2.3.4 High-volume production of structural automotive components 66
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 66
- 5.2.4.1 Need for low-cost technologies 66
- 5.2.4.2 Production of low-cost carbon fiber 66
- 5.2.4.3 Recyclability of composite components 66
5.3 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 67
5.3.1 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 67
5.3.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 68
5.3.3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 68
5.3.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 68
5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 68
5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 69
5.5 PRICING ANALYSIS 70
5.5.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY APPLICATION 71
5.5.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION 72
5.6 TRADE DATA ANALYSIS 73
5.6.1 EXPORT SCENARIO OF CARBON FIBER 73
5.6.2 IMPORT SCENARIO OF CARBON FIBER 74
5.7 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 75
5.7.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 75
5.7.2 BUYING CRITERIA 75
5.8 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 76
5.9 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 78
5.10 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 79
5.11 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 79
5.12 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 80
5.13 TARIFF AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 80
5.13.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 81
5.13.2 STANDARDS RELATED TO AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET 85
5.14 PATENT ANALYSIS 85
5.14.1 INTRODUCTION 85
5.14.2 METHODOLOGY 86
5.14.3 DOCUMENT TYPE 86
5.14.4 INSIGHTS 87
5.14.5 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS 87
5.14.6 JURISDICTION ANALYSIS 88
5.14.7 ANALYSIS OF TOP APPLICANTS 88
5.14.8 LIST OF PATENTS BY EQUISTAR CHEMICALS LP 89
5.14.9 LIST OF PATENTS BY TEIJIN LIMITED 89
5.14.10 LIST OF PATENTS BY FAURECIA INNENRAUM SYSTEME GMBH 89
5.15 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS 90
6 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE 92
6.1 INTRODUCTION 93
6.2 POLYAMIDE (PA) 96
6.2.1 LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF PA TO DRIVE GROWTH 96
6.2.2 POLYAMIDE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 97
6.3 POLYETHER ETHER KETONE (PEEK) 99
6.3.1 ABILITY TO PRODUCE COMPLEX SHAPES TO DRIVE GROWTH 99
6.3.2 POLYETHER ETHER KETONE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 99
6.4 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE (PPS) 101
6.4.1 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE AND HIGH THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF PPS TO DRIVE GROWTH 101
6.4.2 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 101
6.5 POLYCARBONATE (PC) 102
6.5.1 EXCELLENT TOUGHNESS, THERMAL STABILITY, AND GOOD DIMENSIONAL STABILITY TO DRIVE GROWTH 102
6.5.2 POLYCARBONATE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 103
6.6 POLYPROPYLENE (PP) 104
6.6.1 ABILITY TO OFFER COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS FOR INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS TO DRIVE GROWTH 104
6.6.2 POLYPROPYLENE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 105
6.7 OTHERS 106
6.7.1 OTHER RESINS: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 107
7 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION 109
7.1 INTRODUCTION 110
7.2 EXTERIOR 113
7.2.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO BE LEADING MARKET IN THIS SEGMENT 113
7.2.2 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET IN EXTERIOR APPLICATION, BY REGION 114
7.3 INTERIOR 115
7.3.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO BE FASTEST-GROWING MARKET IN THIS SEGMENT 115
7.3.2 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET IN INTERIOR APPLICATION, BY REGION 116
7.4 CHASSIS 118
7.4.1 GROWING USE OF CFRTP COMPOSITES BY HIGH-END SPORTS AND LUXURY CAR MANUFACTURERS IN DEVELOPED ECONOMIES TO DRIVE GROWTH 118
7.4.2 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET IN CHASSIS APPLICATION, BY REGION 118
7.5 POWERTRAIN & UNDER THE HOOD (UTH) 120
7.5.1 STRICT EMISSION CONTROL NORMS AND STANDARDS TO DRIVE GROWTH 120
7.5.2 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET IN POWERTRAIN & UTH APPLICATION, BY REGION 120
8 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 122
8.1 INTRODUCTION 123
8.1.1 AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY REGION 124
8.2 NORTH AMERICA 125
8.2.1 IMPACT OF RECESSION ON NORTH AMERICA 126
8.2.2 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE 127
8.2.3 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION 129
8.2.4 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY COUNTRY 130
- 8.2.4.1 US 131
- 8.2.4.1.1 Well-established automotive sector to drive growth 131
- 8.2.4.1.2 US: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 131
- 8.2.4.2 Canada 133
- 8.2.4.2.1 Presence of top component manufacturers to drive growth 133
- 8.2.4.2.2 Canada: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 133
- 8.2.4.1 US 131
8.3 EUROPE 134
8.3.1 IMPACT OF RECESSION ON EUROPE 135
8.3.2 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE 136
8.3.3 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION 137
8.3.4 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY COUNTRY 138
- 8.3.4.1 Germany 140
- 8.3.4.1.1 Large-scale vehicle production to drive growth 140
- 8.3.4.1.2 Germany: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 140
- 8.3.4.2 France 141
- 8.3.4.2.1 Rising demand for carbon thermoplastics from automotive and transportation industries to drive growth 141
- 8.3.4.2.2 France: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 142
- 8.3.4.3 UK 143
- 8.3.4.3.1 Extensive use of automotive carbon thermoplastics by premium car manufacturers to drive growth 143
- 8.3.4.3.2 UK: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 143
- 8.3.4.4 Spain 145
- 8.3.4.4.1 Need for safety and comfort features in automobiles to drive growth 145
- 8.3.4.4.2 Spain: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 145
- 8.3.4.5 Italy 146
- 8.3.4.5.1 Rising demand for carbon fiber-based automotive composites to drive growth 146
- 8.3.4.5.2 Italy: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 147
- 8.3.4.6 Rest of Europe 148
- 8.3.4.6.1 Rest of Europe: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 148
- 8.3.4.1 Germany 140
8.4 ASIA PACIFIC 149
8.4.1 IMPACT OF RECESSION ON ASIA PACIFIC 150
8.4.2 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE 151
8.4.3 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION 152
8.4.4 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY COUNTRY 153
- 8.4.4.1 China 155
- 8.4.4.1.1 Low cost of manufacturing to drive growth 155
- 8.4.4.1.2 China: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 155
- 8.4.4.2 Japan 156
- 8.4.4.2.1 High consumption of automotive carbon thermoplastics to drive growth 156
- 8.4.4.2.2 Japan: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 157
- 8.4.4.3 South Korea 158
- 8.4.4.3.1 Presence of major automobile companies to drive growth 158
- 8.4.4.3.2 South Korea: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 158
- 8.4.4.4 India 160
- 8.4.4.4.1 Rapid urbanization and improved living standards to drive growth 160
- 8.4.4.4.2 India: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 160
- 8.4.4.5 Rest of Asia Pacific 161
- 8.4.4.5.1 Rest of Asia Pacific: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 162
- 8.4.4.1 China 155
8.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 163
8.5.1 IMPACT OF RECESSION ON MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 163
8.5.2 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE 164
8.5.3 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION 165
8.5.4 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY COUNTRY 166
8.5.5 GCC COUNTRIES 167
- 8.5.5.1 UAE 167
- 8.5.5.1.1 Increasing demand for cars to drive growth 167
- 8.5.5.1.2 UAE: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 168
- 8.5.5.2 Saudi Arabia 169
- 8.5.5.2.1 Booming automotive sector to drive growth 169
- 8.5.5.2.2 Saudi Arabia: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 169
- 8.5.5.3 Rest of GCC Countries 171
- 8.5.5.3.1 Rest of GCC Countries: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 171
- 8.5.5.1 UAE 167
8.5.6 SOUTH AFRICA 172
- 8.5.6.1 Rising demand for fuel-efficient automobiles to drive growth 172
- 8.5.6.2 South Africa: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 172
8.5.7 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 173
- 8.5.7.1 Rest of Middle East & Africa: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 174
8.6 LATIN AMERICA 175
8.6.1 IMPACT OF RECESSION ON LATIN AMERICA 175
8.6.2 LATIN AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY RESIN TYPE 176
8.6.3 LATIN AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY APPLICATION 177
8.6.4 LATIN AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE CARBON THERMOPLASTIC MARKET, BY COUNTRY 178
- 8.6.4.1 Brazil 179
- 8.6.4.1.1 Low cost of labor and high demand for passenger cars to drive growth 179
- 8.6.4.1.2 Brazil: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 180
- 8.6.4.2 Mexico 181
- 8.6.4.2.1 Stringent emission norms and rising disposable incomes to drive growth 181
- 8.6.4.2.2 Mexico: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 181
- 8.6.4.3 Rest of Latin America 183
- 8.6.4.3.1 Rest of Latin America: Automotive carbon thermoplastic market, by application 183
- 8.6.4.1 Brazil 179
9 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 185
9.1 INTRODUCTION 185
9.2 KEY PLAYERS’ STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 185
9.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP 5 MARKET PLAYERS 187
9.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 187
9.5 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX 189
9.5.1 STARS 189
9.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS 189
9.5.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 189
9.5.4 PARTICIPANTS 189
9.5.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 191
9.6 START-UP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX 194
9.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 194
9.6.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 194
9.6.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 194
9.6.4 STARTING BLOCKS 194
9.6.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY START-UPS/SMES 196
9.7 COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS AND TRENDS 198
9.7.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 198
9.7.2 DEALS 199
9.7.3 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 203
10 COMPANY PROFILES 205
10.1 KEY PLAYERS 205
10.1.1 SOLVAY 205
10.1.2 TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC 210
10.1.3 TEIJIN LIMITED 214
10.1.4 SGL CARBON 218
10.1.5 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL GROUP CORPORATION 222
10.1.6 BASF SE 225
10.1.7 AVIENT CORPORATION 229
10.1.8 CELANESE CORPORATION 232
10.1.9 ASAHI KASEI CORPORATION 236
10.1.10 COMPLAM MATERIAL CO., LTD 239
10.1.11 ENSINGER 241
10.1.12 JIANGSU QIYI TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD 244
10.2 OTHER PLAYERS 245
10.2.1 QINGDAO CIMC COMPOSITES CO., LTD 245
10.2.2 XIAMEN LFT COMPOSITE PLASTIC CO., LTD 245
10.2.3 OKUTANI LTD 246
10.2.4 CTECH-LLC 246
10.2.5 FIBRTEC 247
10.2.6 LINGOL CORPORATION 247
10.2.7 SHANGHAI WANHOO CARBON FIBER INDUSTRY CO., LTD 248
10.2.8 GPM COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY (KUNSHAN) CO., LTD 248
10.2.9 HEBEI CHAOKE IMPORT & EXPORT CO., LTD 249
10.2.10 SUZHOU TOPO NEW MATERIAL CO., LTD 249
10.2.11 HEBEI BENJINXIN INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD 250
10.2.12 JIANGSU AIMI TECH CO., LTD 250
10.2.13 KINGFA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD 251
11 APPENDIX 252
11.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 252
11.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 255
11.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 257
11.4 RELATED REPORTS 257
11.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 258