Abstract
Summary
The Precision Farming Software Market is projected to reach from USD 1.7 billion in 2024 to USD 3.1 billion by 2029; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.5% from 2024 to 2029. Crop scouting serves as a vital component in precision farming, offering real-time, ground-level insights that complement data collected by sensors and drones. By providing immediate, on-the-ground observations, crop scouting empowers farmers to make decisions that are both accurate and timely. Additionally, crop scouting plays a crucial role in early issue detection, allowing farmers to identify problems such as pest infestations, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies before they escalate. This early detection enables farmers to take proactive measures to mitigate damage and prevent potential yield losses. Furthermore, the integration of scouting data into precision farming software enhances this proactive approach by enabling targeted interventions tailored to specific areas of the field. By leveraging the insights gained from crop scouting, farmers can implement precise and effective strategies to address issues, optimize resource allocation, and ultimately enhance overall crop health and productivity..
Key players operating in the precision farming software market are Deere & Company (US), Trimble Inc. (US), AGCO Corporation (US), Raven Industries, Inc. (US) and AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc (US).
The cloud-based delivery model is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period.
The scalability of cloud-based solutions provides farmers with the flexibility to adapt their operations according to their requirements without significant infrastructure investments. This flexibility allows farmers to easily adjust the scale of their operations, whether they are managing a small family farm or a large commercial enterprise, without the need for extensive hardware upgrades. Additionally, the accessibility offered by cloud-based precision farming software enables farmers to monitor and manage their operations from any location with an internet connection. This accessibility empowers farmers to make timely decisions regardless of their physical location, thereby enhancing overall operational efficiency
Variable rate technology is projected to have the highest growth during the forecast period.
Varibale rate technology plays a crucial role in facilitating yield maximization by addressing spatial variability within fields and effectively managing various factors such as nutrient deficiencies, pest pressures, and irrigation needs. By utilizing VRT, farmers can tailor their input applications to the specific needs of different areas within their fields, optimizing crop growth and ultimately leading to higher yields and increased profitability. Additionally, VRT contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing over-application of inputs, thereby minimizing environmental impacts such as nutrient runoff and soil erosion. This targeted approach not only conserves resources but also helps protect ecosystems and water quality, promoting long-term sustainability in agriculture.
Asia Pacific region is likely to grow at the highest CAGR.
With the Asia Pacific region hosting a large and expanding population, the demand for food security is escalating, underscoring the critical role of precision farming software. By maximizing yields, enhancing crop quality, and mitigating post-harvest losses, precision farming software plays a pivotal role in meeting this growing demand for food. Moreover, the active promotion of precision farming by governments through subsidies, initiatives, and support programs further highlights its significance in bolstering food security. By incentivizing farmers to adopt precision farming practices, governments aim to increase agricultural productivity, reduce food shortages, and foster rural development. In essence, precision farming software stands as a key solution in addressing the challenges of food security in the Asia Pacific region, offering a pathway towards sustainable agricultural practices and ensuring a reliable food supply for the region's population.
Breakdown of primaries
The study contains insights from various industry experts, ranging from component suppliers to Tier 1 companies and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:
• By Company Type - Tier 1 – 35%, Tier 2 – 40%, Tier 3 – 25%
• By Designation— C-level Executives - 30%, Directors - 40%, Others – 30%
• By Region—Americas - 40%, Europe - 32%, Asia Pacific - 23%, RoW - 5%
The precision farming software market is dominated by a few globally established players such as Deere & Company (US), Trimble Inc. (US), AGCO Corporation (US), Raven Industries, Inc. (US), AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc (US), AgJunction LLC (US), Ag Leader Technology (US), TOPCON CORPORATION (Japan), Climate LLC (US), TeeJet Technologies (US). The study includes an in-depth competitive analysis of these key players in the precision farming software market, with their company profiles, recent developments, and key market strategies.
Research Coverage:
The report segments the precision farming software market and forecasts its size by delivery model, technology, application, and region. The report also discusses the drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges pertaining to the market. It gives a detailed view of the market across four main regions—Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, and RoW. Supply chain analysis has been included in the report, along with the key players and their competitive analysis in the precision farming software ecosystem.
Key Benefits to Buy the Report:
• Analysis of Key Drivers (Rapid adoption of advanced technologies in precision farming software, Rapid adoption of advanced technologies in precision farming software, Rapid adoption of advanced technologies in precision farming software). Restraints (Rapid adoption of advanced technologies in precision farming software, Requires specialized expertise to navigate effectively). Opportunities (Requires specialized expertise to navigate effectively, Establishing intellectual property benefits on farming innovations, Rising use of AI-based solutions in precision farming software, Adoption of digital technologies in sustainable farming) and Challenges (Legal, ethical and social barriers related to data ownership, privacy and security, Lack of standardization and compatibility among different technologies).
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the precision farming software market.
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the precision farming software market across varied regions
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new software, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the precision farming software market.
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and product offerings of leading players like Deere & Company (US), Trimble Inc. (US), AGCO Corporation (US), Raven Industries, Inc. (US), AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc (US) among others in the precision farming software market.
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 31
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 31
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 31
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 32
1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED 32
1.3.2 REGIONAL SCOPE 33
1.3.3 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 33
1.3.4 YEARS CONSIDERED 34
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 34
1.5 STAKEHOLDERS 34
1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 35
1.7 IMPACT OF RECESSION 36
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 37
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 37
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 38
- 2.1.1.1 List of major secondary sources 38
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 39
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 39
- 2.1.2.1 List of primary interview participants 39
- 2.1.2.2 Breakdown of primaries 40
- 2.1.2.3 Key data from primary sources 40
- 2.1.2.4 Key industry insights 41
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY 41
2.2.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 42
- 2.2.1.1 Approach to arrive at market size using top-down analysis (supply side) 42
2.2.2 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 44
- 2.2.2.1 Approach to arrive at market size using bottom-up analysis (demand side) 44
2.3 GROWTH FORECAST 46
2.4 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 47
2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 48
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 48
2.7 RISK FACTORS 49
2.8 RISK ASSESSMENT 49
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 51
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 55
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET 55
4.2 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY DELIVERY MODEL 55
4.3 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY APPLICATION 56
4.4 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 56
4.5 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY REGION 57
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 58
5.1 INTRODUCTION 58
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 58
5.2.1 DRIVERS 59
- 5.2.1.1 Rapid advancements in AI and ML technologies 59
- 5.2.1.2 Increased adoption of IoT devices to collect real-time agricultural data 59
- 5.2.1.3 High emphasis on enhancing food security 60
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 61
- 5.2.2.1 High upfront costs of precision farming software 61
- 5.2.2.2 Requirement for high expertise to effectively operate farming software 61
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 62
- 5.2.3.1 Establishment of standardized agricultural data protocols 62
- 5.2.3.2 Development of supportive intellectual property frameworks 62
- 5.2.3.3 Use of AI-powered drones in farming 62
- 5.2.3.4 Adoption of digital technologies to promote sustainable farming 63
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 64
- 5.2.4.1 Legal, ethical, and social issues related to agricultural data ownership, privacy, and security 64
- 5.2.4.2 Lack of standardization of agricultural technologies 64
5.3 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 65
5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 66
5.5 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO 69
5.6 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMERS’ BUSINESSES 69
5.7 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 70
5.7.1 KEY TECHNOLOGY 70
- 5.7.1.1 Global positioning systems/Global navigation satellite systems 70
- 5.7.1.2 Data analytics & machine learning 71
5.7.2 COMPLIMENTARY TECHNOLOGY 71
- 5.7.2.1 Artificial intelligence 71
5.7.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGY 71
- 5.7.3.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 71
5.8 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 72
5.8.1 LOACKER DEPLOYS CROPIN’S SMART FARMING SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE HAZELNUT PRODUCTION 72
5.8.2 ACCENTURE COLLABORATES WITH PROAGRICA TO DEVELOP USER INTERFACES AND DATA SERVICE PLATFORMS FOR FARMERS 72
5.8.3 CROPX TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND REINKE MANUFACTURING CO., INC. DEVELOP WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS TO BOOST SUSTAINABLE FARMING 73
5.8.4 AGCO CORPORATION DEVELOPS INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE FARM EQUIPMENT INTO SINGLE PLATFORM 73
5.9 PORTER’S FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS 74
5.9.1 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 75
5.9.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 76
5.9.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 76
5.9.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 76
5.9.5 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 76
5.10 TRADE ANALYSIS 77
5.10.1 IMPORT SCENARIO 77
5.10.2 EXPORT SCENARIO 78
5.11 PATENT ANALYSIS 79
5.12 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024 84
5.13 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE AND STANDARDS 85
5.13.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 85
5.13.2 STANDARDS 87
5.14 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 88
5.14.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 88
5.14.2 BUYING CRITERIA 89
5.15 PRICING ANALYSIS 90
5.15.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE 90
5.15.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS 90
5.15.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE FOR CLOUD-BASED DELIVERY MODEL, BY REGION 91
6 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE SERVICES 92
6.1 INTRODUCTION 92
6.2 SYSTEM INTEGRATION SERVICES 92
6.3 MANAGED SERVICES 92
6.3.1 FARM OPERATION SERVICES 93
6.3.2 DATA SERVICES 93
6.3.3 ANALYTICS SERVICES 94
6.4 CONNECTIVITY SERVICES 94
6.5 ASSISTED PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 95
6.5.1 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SERVICES 95
6.5.2 CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES 96
6.5.3 OTHER ASSISTED PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 96
6.6 MAINTENANCE, UPGRADATION & SUPPORT SERVICES 97
7 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY DELIVERY MODEL 98
7.1 INTRODUCTION 99
7.2 ON-PREMISES 100
7.2.1 ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS TO ENSURE AGRICULTURAL DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY TO BOOST SEGMENTAL GROWTH 100
7.3 CLOUD-BASED 101
7.3.1 EASY ACCESSIBILITY AND SCALABILITY TO FUEL DEMAND FOR CLOUD-BASED PRECISION FARMING TECHNOLOGY 101
7.3.2 SOFTWARE-AS-A-SERVICE 103
7.3.3 PLATFORM-AS-A-SERVICE 104
8 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 105
8.1 INTRODUCTION 106
8.2 GUIDANCE TECHNOLOGY 107
8.2.1 GPS-/GNSS-BASED 109
- 8.2.1.1 Deployment of GPS-/GNSS-based guidance technology to customize agricultural fields to facilitate segmental growth 109
8.2.2 GIS-BASED 110
- 8.2.2.1 Reliance on GIS technology to manage spatial data to contribute to segmental growth 110
8.3 REMOTE SENSING & CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 111
8.3.1 HANDHELD/GROUND-BASED SENSORS 113
- 8.3.1.1 Implementation of handheld/ground-based sensors to collect real-time crop health data to accelerate segmental growth 113
8.3.2 SATELLITE/AERIAL SENSORS 114
- 8.3.2.1 Adoption of satellite/aerial sensors to analyze field and crop conditions to foster segmental growth 114
8.4 VARIABLE RATE TECHNOLOGY 114
8.4.1 MAP-BASED 116
- 8.4.1.1 Deployment of variable rate technology to generate detailed field maps and allocate resources to boost segmental growth 116
8.4.2 SENSOR-BASED 117
- 8.4.2.1 Utilization of advanced sensors in precision farming to collect real-time data to propel market 117
9 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY APPLICATION 118
9.1 INTRODUCTION 119
9.2 YIELD MONITORING 121
9.2.1 ON-FARM 123
- 9.2.1.1 Adoption of on-farm yield monitoring systems to address yield inconsistencies caused by irrigation to fuel segmental growth 123
9.2.2 OFF-FARM 124
- 9.2.2.1 Use of off-farm yield monitors to draw data from agricultural cooperatives to accelerate segmental growth 124
9.3 CROP SCOUTING 125
9.3.1 REQUIREMENT FOR MITIGATING CROP DAMAGE AND ENHANCING YIELDS TO BOOST SEGMENTAL GROWTH 125
9.3.2 PRE-SEEDING SCOUTING 126
9.3.3 POST-SEEDING SCOUTING 126
9.3.4 CROP MONITORING 127
9.4 FIELD MAPPING 127
9.4.1 BOUNDARY MAPPING 129
- 9.4.1.1 Reliance on boundary mapping solutions to facilitate precise farm resource management to drive market 129
9.4.2 DRAINAGE MAPPING 129
- 9.4.2.1 Adoption of precision farming software to optimize drainage infrastructure to augment segmental growth 129
9.5 WEATHER TRACKING & FORECASTING 129
9.5.1 REQUIREMENT FOR REAL-TIME WEATHER DATA TO ENHANCE CROP MANAGEMENT TO PROPEL MARKET 129
9.6 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 131
9.6.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE WITH TRACEABILITY FEATURES TO FOSTER SEGMENTAL GROWTH 131
9.7 VARIABLE RATE APPLICATION 132
9.7.1 PRECISION IRRIGATION 133
- 9.7.1.1 Use of precision irrigation systems to reduce water wastage to contribute to segmental growth 133
9.7.2 PRECISION FERTILIZATION 134
- 9.7.2.1 Adoption of precision fertilization systems to optimize nutrient usage and enhance plant growth to drive market 134
9.7.3 PRECISION SEEDING 134
- 9.7.3.1 Reliance on precision seeding systems to minimize seed wastage to facilitate segmental growth 134
9.7.4 OTHER VARIABLE RATE APPLICATIONS 134
9.8 FARM LABOR MANAGEMENT 135
9.8.1 NEED FOR EFFECTIVE FARM LABOR MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY TO DRIVE MARKET 135
9.9 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 136
9.9.1 USE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS TO MANAGE EXPENSES AND IMPROVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS TO PROPEL MARKET 136
9.10 OTHER APPLICATIONS 137
10 PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET, BY REGION 139
10.1 INTRODUCTION 140
10.2 AMERICAS 142
10.2.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET IN AMERICAS 142
10.2.2 NORTH AMERICA 146
- 10.2.2.1 US 147
- 10.2.2.1.1 Rising investment in harvesting robots to facilitate market growth 147
- 10.2.2.2 Canada 148
- 10.2.2.2.1 Increasing use of agricultural drones to contribute to market growth 148
- 10.2.2.3 Mexico 149
- 10.2.2.3.1 Growing emphasis on promoting sustainable farming practices to accelerate market growth 149
- 10.2.2.1 US 147
10.2.3 SOUTH AMERICA 149
- 10.2.3.1 Brazil 151
- 10.2.3.1.1 Increasing adoption of autonomous harvesting technology by commercial farmers to augment market growth 151
- 10.2.3.2 Argentina 151
- 10.2.3.2.1 Rising focus on advancing precision agriculture technologies to increase crop productivity to propel market 151
- 10.2.3.3 Rest of South America 152
- 10.2.3.1 Brazil 151
10.3 EUROPE 152
10.3.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET IN EUROPE 152
10.3.2 UK 156
- 10.3.2.1 Increasing development of autonomous farming vehicles to facilitate market growth 156
10.3.3 GERMANY 157
- 10.3.3.1 Rising foreign investment in agriculture industry to contribute to market growth 157
10.3.4 FRANCE 157
- 10.3.4.1 Growing allocation of funds to ensure food security to fuel market growth 157
10.3.5 ITALY 158
- 10.3.5.1 Rapid advancements in irrigation sensors and other farming technologies to augment market growth 158
10.3.6 NETHERLANDS 158
- 10.3.6.1 Increasing development of harvesting robots to offer lucrative opportunities for precision farming software developers 158
10.3.7 REST OF EUROPE 158
10.4 ASIA PACIFIC 159
10.4.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC 159
10.4.2 CHINA 163
- 10.4.2.1 Government-led investments in AI farming technology to drive market 163
10.4.3 JAPAN 164
- 10.4.3.1 Advancements in soil sensors and nutrient mapping systems to foster market growth 164
10.4.4 AUSTRALIA 164
- 10.4.4.1 Emphasis on enhancing profitability and sustainability of farming solutions to accelerate market growth 164
10.4.5 INDIA 165
- 10.4.5.1 Adoption of autonomous vehicles to perform agricultural tasks to fuel market growth 165
10.4.6 SOUTH KOREA 165
- 10.4.6.1 Establishment of smart farming villages to drive market 165
10.4.7 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 166
10.5 ROW 166
10.5.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON PRECISION FARMING SOFTWARE MARKET IN ROW 166
10.5.2 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 169
- 10.5.2.1 GCC countries 170
- 10.5.2.1.1 Deployment of advanced agricultural technologies to drive market 170
- 10.5.2.2 Rest of Middle East & Africa 171
- 10.5.2.1 GCC countries 170
10.5.3 RUSSIA 171
- 10.5.3.1 Increasing development of crop production software to accelerate market growth 171
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 172
11.1 OVERVIEW 172
11.2 STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS, 2020-2023 173
11.2.1 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO EXPANSION 174
11.2.2 REGIONAL FOOTPRINT EXPANSION 174
11.2.3 MANUFACTURING FOOTPRINT EXPANSION 174
11.2.4 ORGANIC/INORGANIC GROWTH STRATEGIES 175
11.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2023 175
11.4 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF FIVE KEY COMPANIES, 2019-2023 177
11.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS 179
11.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON 180
11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 180
11.7.1 STARS 180
11.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS 181
11.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 181
11.7.4 PARTICIPANTS 182
11.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 183
- 11.7.5.1 Overall footprint 183
- 11.7.5.2 Technology footprint 184
- 11.7.5.3 Application footprint 185
- 11.7.5.4 Region footprint 186
11.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: START-UPS/SMES, 2023 187
11.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 187
11.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 187
11.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 187
11.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS 187
11.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: START-UPS/SMES, 2023 189
- 11.8.5.1 List of key start-ups/SMEs 189
- 11.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key start-ups/SMEs 190
11.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS AND TRENDS 190
11.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 190
11.9.2 DEALS 196
12 COMPANY PROFILES 202
12.1 KEY PLAYERS 202
12.1.1 DEERE & COMPANY 202
12.1.2 TRIMBLE INC 208
12.1.3 AGCO CORPORATION 217
12.1.4 RAVEN INDUSTRIES, INC 224
12.1.5 AGJUNCTION LLC 230
12.1.6 AG LEADER TECHNOLOGY 234
12.1.7 AGEAGLE AERIAL SYSTEMS INC 237
- 12.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 238
- 12.1.7.3 Recent developments 239
- 12.1.7.3.1 Product/Service launches/developments 239
- 12.1.7.3.2 Deals 240
12.1.8 TOPCON CORPORATION 242
12.1.9 CLIMATE LLC 248
12.1.10 TEEJET TECHNOLOGIES 252
12.2 OTHER PLAYERS 254
12.2.1 HEXAGON AB 254
12.2.2 ABACO S.P.A 255
12.2.3 PRECISIONHAWK 256
12.2.4 EC2CE 257
12.2.5 DESCARTES LABS INC 258
12.2.6 CROPX INC 259
12.2.7 FARMERS EDGE INC 260
12.2.8 GROWNETICS 261
12.2.9 CROPIN TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED 262
12.2.10 GAMAYA 263
12.2.11 FIELDBEE 264
12.2.12 AVMAP S.R.L 264
12.2.13 DICKEY-JOHN 265
12.2.14 TELUS 266
12.2.15 MÜLLER-ELEKTRONIK GMBH 267
13 APPENDIX 268
13.1 INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 268
13.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 268
13.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 272
13.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 274
13.5 RELATED REPORTS 274
13.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 275