Abstract
Summary
Ricinus communis seed oil is a multi-purpose vegetable oil that people have used for thousands of years. It’s made by extracting oil from the seeds of the ricinus communis plant.these seeds, which are known as castor beans, contain a toxic enzyme called ricin. However, the heating process that ricinus communis seed oil undergoes deactivates it, allowing the oil to be used safely.ricinus communis seed oil has a number of medicinal, industrial and pharmaceutical uses.it's commonly used as an additive in foods, medications and skin care products, as well as an industrial lubricant and biodiesel fuel component.today, ricinus communis seed oil remains a popular natural treatment for common conditions like constipation and skin ailments and is commonly used in natural beauty products.
The global market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was estimated to be worth US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Europe market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The global key companies of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil include Caribbean Natural, OLVEA Vegetable Oils, Jeen International, OQEMA, New Directions Aromatics, CREMER OLEO, Elementis, Gustav Heess and A&A Fratelli Parodi, etc. In 2023, the global five largest players hold a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Ricinus Communis Seed Oil market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Kiloton) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Ricinus Communis Seed Oil.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Caribbean Natural
OLVEA Vegetable Oils
Jeen International
OQEMA
New Directions Aromatics
CREMER OLEO
Elementis
Gustav Heess
A&A Fratelli Parodi
All Organic Treasures
Earthoil
Custom Ingredients
Ekologie Forte
Esperis
The Herbarie
Vantage Specialty Ingredients
Vertellus Specialties
Segment by Type:
Food Grade
Cosmetic Grade
Industrial Grade
Segment by Application
Food Industry
Pharmaceuticals
Cosmetics
Industrial
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (valve, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
The global market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was estimated to be worth US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Europe market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The global key companies of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil include Caribbean Natural, OLVEA Vegetable Oils, Jeen International, OQEMA, New Directions Aromatics, CREMER OLEO, Elementis, Gustav Heess and A&A Fratelli Parodi, etc. In 2023, the global five largest players hold a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Ricinus Communis Seed Oil, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Ricinus Communis Seed Oil market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Kiloton) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Ricinus Communis Seed Oil.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Caribbean Natural
OLVEA Vegetable Oils
Jeen International
OQEMA
New Directions Aromatics
CREMER OLEO
Elementis
Gustav Heess
A&A Fratelli Parodi
All Organic Treasures
Earthoil
Custom Ingredients
Ekologie Forte
Esperis
The Herbarie
Vantage Specialty Ingredients
Vertellus Specialties
Segment by Type:
Food Grade
Cosmetic Grade
Industrial Grade
Segment by Application
Food Industry
Pharmaceuticals
Cosmetics
Industrial
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (valve, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
1.1 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Introduction
1.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value (2019-2030)
1.2.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume (2019-2030)
1.2.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Price (2019-2030)
1.3 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Industry Trends
1.3.2 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Challenges
1.3.4 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Players Revenue Ranking (2023)
2.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Players Sales Volume Ranking (2023)
2.4 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Company Players (2019-2024)
2.5 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Average Price by Company (2019-2024)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Ricinus Communis Seed Oil
2.9 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Market Concentration Rate (2019-2024)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Revenue in 2023
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Ricinus Communis Seed Oil as of 2023)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 Food Grade
3.1.2 Cosmetic Grade
3.1.3 Industrial Grade
3.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
3.2.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, by Type (2019-2030)
3.2.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, by Type (%) (2019-2030)
3.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
3.3.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume, by Type (2019-2030)
3.3.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2019-2030)
3.4 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Food Industry
4.1.2 Pharmaceuticals
4.1.3 Cosmetics
4.1.4 Industrial
4.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.2.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, by Application (2019-2030)
4.2.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, by Application (%) (2019-2030)
4.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.3.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume, by Application (2019-2030)
4.3.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2019-2030)
4.4 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
5.1.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Region (2019-2024)
5.1.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Region (2025-2030)
5.1.4 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Region (%), (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
5.2.2 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Region (2025-2030)
5.2.4 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume by Region (%), (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.4.2 North America Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.5.2 Europe Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.7.2 South America Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value Growth Trends, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Volume, 2019-2030
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.3.2 United States Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.3.3 United States Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.4.2 Europe Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.4.3 Europe Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.5.2 China Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.5.3 China Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.6.2 Japan Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.6.3 Japan Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.7.2 South Korea Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.7.3 South Korea Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.9.2 India Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.9.3 India Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7 Company Profiles
7.1 Caribbean Natural
7.1.1 Caribbean Natural Company Information
7.1.2 Caribbean Natural Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 Caribbean Natural Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Caribbean Natural Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.1.5 Caribbean Natural Recent Development
7.2 OLVEA Vegetable Oils
7.2.1 OLVEA Vegetable Oils Company Information
7.2.2 OLVEA Vegetable Oils Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 OLVEA Vegetable Oils Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 OLVEA Vegetable Oils Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.2.5 OLVEA Vegetable Oils Recent Development
7.3 Jeen International
7.3.1 Jeen International Company Information
7.3.2 Jeen International Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 Jeen International Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Jeen International Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.3.5 Jeen International Recent Development
7.4 OQEMA
7.4.1 OQEMA Company Information
7.4.2 OQEMA Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 OQEMA Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 OQEMA Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.4.5 OQEMA Recent Development
7.5 New Directions Aromatics
7.5.1 New Directions Aromatics Company Information
7.5.2 New Directions Aromatics Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 New Directions Aromatics Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 New Directions Aromatics Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.5.5 New Directions Aromatics Recent Development
7.6 CREMER OLEO
7.6.1 CREMER OLEO Company Information
7.6.2 CREMER OLEO Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 CREMER OLEO Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 CREMER OLEO Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.6.5 CREMER OLEO Recent Development
7.7 Elementis
7.7.1 Elementis Company Information
7.7.2 Elementis Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Elementis Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Elementis Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.7.5 Elementis Recent Development
7.8 Gustav Heess
7.8.1 Gustav Heess Company Information
7.8.2 Gustav Heess Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Gustav Heess Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Gustav Heess Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.8.5 Gustav Heess Recent Development
7.9 A&A Fratelli Parodi
7.9.1 A&A Fratelli Parodi Company Information
7.9.2 A&A Fratelli Parodi Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 A&A Fratelli Parodi Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 A&A Fratelli Parodi Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.9.5 A&A Fratelli Parodi Recent Development
7.10 All Organic Treasures
7.10.1 All Organic Treasures Company Information
7.10.2 All Organic Treasures Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 All Organic Treasures Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 All Organic Treasures Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.10.5 All Organic Treasures Recent Development
7.11 Earthoil
7.11.1 Earthoil Company Information
7.11.2 Earthoil Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 Earthoil Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 Earthoil Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.11.5 Earthoil Recent Development
7.12 Custom Ingredients
7.12.1 Custom Ingredients Company Information
7.12.2 Custom Ingredients Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Custom Ingredients Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 Custom Ingredients Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.12.5 Custom Ingredients Recent Development
7.13 Ekologie Forte
7.13.1 Ekologie Forte Company Information
7.13.2 Ekologie Forte Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 Ekologie Forte Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Ekologie Forte Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.13.5 Ekologie Forte Recent Development
7.14 Esperis
7.14.1 Esperis Company Information
7.14.2 Esperis Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 Esperis Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 Esperis Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.14.5 Esperis Recent Development
7.15 The Herbarie
7.15.1 The Herbarie Company Information
7.15.2 The Herbarie Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 The Herbarie Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 The Herbarie Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.15.5 The Herbarie Recent Development
7.16 Vantage Specialty Ingredients
7.16.1 Vantage Specialty Ingredients Company Information
7.16.2 Vantage Specialty Ingredients Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 Vantage Specialty Ingredients Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Vantage Specialty Ingredients Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.16.5 Vantage Specialty Ingredients Recent Development
7.17 Vertellus Specialties
7.17.1 Vertellus Specialties Company Information
7.17.2 Vertellus Specialties Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 Vertellus Specialties Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Vertellus Specialties Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Product Offerings
7.17.5 Vertellus Specialties Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Industrial Chain
8.2 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.2 Data Source
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer