Abstract
Summary
Rapid chargers are the fastest way to charge an EV, and predominantly cover DC charging. This can be split into two categories – ultra-rapid and rapid. Ultra-rapid points can charge at 100+ kW – often 150 kW – and up to 350 kW, and are DC only. Conventional rapid points make up the majority of the rapid charging infrastructure and charge at 50 kW DC, with 43 kW AC rapid charging often also available.
The global market for Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger was estimated to be worth US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
Global EV sales continued strong. A total of 10,5 million new BEVs and PHEVs were delivered during 2022, an increase of +55 % compared to 2021. China and Europe emerged as the main drivers of strong growth in global EV sales. In 2022, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China reach 7.0 million and 6.8 million respectively, a year-on-year increase of 96.9% and 93.4%, with a market share of 25.6%. The production and sales of new energy vehicles have ranked first in the world for eight consecutive years. Among them, the sales volume of pure electric vehicles was 5.365 million, a year-on-year increase of 81.6%. In 2022, sales of pure electric vehicles in Europe will increase by 29% year-on-year to 1.58 million.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger.
Market Segmentation
By Company
ABB
Xuji Group
TELD
BYD
Star Charge
Chargepoint
Webasto
Efacec
Leviton
Siemens
IES Synergy
Pod Point
Clipper Creek
DBT-CEV
Auto Electric Power Plant
Schneider Electric
Nitto Kogyo
Panasonic
Toyota Home
Kawamura Electric
Segment by Type:
AC Charging Pile
DC Charging Pile
Segment by Application
Residential Charging
Public Charging
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (valve, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
The global market for Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger was estimated to be worth US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
Global EV sales continued strong. A total of 10,5 million new BEVs and PHEVs were delivered during 2022, an increase of +55 % compared to 2021. China and Europe emerged as the main drivers of strong growth in global EV sales. In 2022, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China reach 7.0 million and 6.8 million respectively, a year-on-year increase of 96.9% and 93.4%, with a market share of 25.6%. The production and sales of new energy vehicles have ranked first in the world for eight consecutive years. Among them, the sales volume of pure electric vehicles was 5.365 million, a year-on-year increase of 81.6%. In 2022, sales of pure electric vehicles in Europe will increase by 29% year-on-year to 1.58 million.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger.
Market Segmentation
By Company
ABB
Xuji Group
TELD
BYD
Star Charge
Chargepoint
Webasto
Efacec
Leviton
Siemens
IES Synergy
Pod Point
Clipper Creek
DBT-CEV
Auto Electric Power Plant
Schneider Electric
Nitto Kogyo
Panasonic
Toyota Home
Kawamura Electric
Segment by Type:
AC Charging Pile
DC Charging Pile
Segment by Application
Residential Charging
Public Charging
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (valve, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
1.1 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Introduction
1.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value (2019-2030)
1.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume (2019-2030)
1.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Price (2019-2030)
1.3 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Industry Trends
1.3.2 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Challenges
1.3.4 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Players Revenue Ranking (2023)
2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Players Sales Volume Ranking (2023)
2.4 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Company Players (2019-2024)
2.5 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Average Price by Company (2019-2024)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger
2.9 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Market Concentration Rate (2019-2024)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Revenue in 2023
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger as of 2023)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 AC Charging Pile
3.1.2 DC Charging Pile
3.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
3.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, by Type (2019-2030)
3.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, by Type (%) (2019-2030)
3.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
3.3.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume, by Type (2019-2030)
3.3.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2019-2030)
3.4 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Residential Charging
4.1.2 Public Charging
4.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, by Application (2019-2030)
4.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, by Application (%) (2019-2030)
4.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.3.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume, by Application (2019-2030)
4.3.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2019-2030)
4.4 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
5.1.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Region (2019-2024)
5.1.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Region (2025-2030)
5.1.4 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Region (%), (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
5.2.2 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Region (2025-2030)
5.2.4 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume by Region (%), (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.4.2 North America Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.5.2 Europe Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.7.2 South America Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value Growth Trends, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Volume, 2019-2030
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.3.2 United States Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.3.3 United States Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.4.2 Europe Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.4.3 Europe Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.5.2 China Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.5.3 China Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.6.2 Japan Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.6.3 Japan Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.7.2 South Korea Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.7.3 South Korea Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.9.2 India Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.9.3 India Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7 Company Profiles
7.1 ABB
7.1.1 ABB Company Information
7.1.2 ABB Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 ABB Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 ABB Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.1.5 ABB Recent Development
7.2 Xuji Group
7.2.1 Xuji Group Company Information
7.2.2 Xuji Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 Xuji Group Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Xuji Group Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.2.5 Xuji Group Recent Development
7.3 TELD
7.3.1 TELD Company Information
7.3.2 TELD Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 TELD Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 TELD Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.3.5 TELD Recent Development
7.4 BYD
7.4.1 BYD Company Information
7.4.2 BYD Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 BYD Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 BYD Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.4.5 BYD Recent Development
7.5 Star Charge
7.5.1 Star Charge Company Information
7.5.2 Star Charge Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 Star Charge Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Star Charge Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.5.5 Star Charge Recent Development
7.6 Chargepoint
7.6.1 Chargepoint Company Information
7.6.2 Chargepoint Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 Chargepoint Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Chargepoint Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.6.5 Chargepoint Recent Development
7.7 Webasto
7.7.1 Webasto Company Information
7.7.2 Webasto Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Webasto Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Webasto Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.7.5 Webasto Recent Development
7.8 Efacec
7.8.1 Efacec Company Information
7.8.2 Efacec Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Efacec Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Efacec Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.8.5 Efacec Recent Development
7.9 Leviton
7.9.1 Leviton Company Information
7.9.2 Leviton Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 Leviton Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Leviton Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.9.5 Leviton Recent Development
7.10 Siemens
7.10.1 Siemens Company Information
7.10.2 Siemens Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Siemens Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 Siemens Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.10.5 Siemens Recent Development
7.11 IES Synergy
7.11.1 IES Synergy Company Information
7.11.2 IES Synergy Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 IES Synergy Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 IES Synergy Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.11.5 IES Synergy Recent Development
7.12 Pod Point
7.12.1 Pod Point Company Information
7.12.2 Pod Point Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Pod Point Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 Pod Point Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.12.5 Pod Point Recent Development
7.13 Clipper Creek
7.13.1 Clipper Creek Company Information
7.13.2 Clipper Creek Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 Clipper Creek Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Clipper Creek Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.13.5 Clipper Creek Recent Development
7.14 DBT-CEV
7.14.1 DBT-CEV Company Information
7.14.2 DBT-CEV Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 DBT-CEV Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 DBT-CEV Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.14.5 DBT-CEV Recent Development
7.15 Auto Electric Power Plant
7.15.1 Auto Electric Power Plant Company Information
7.15.2 Auto Electric Power Plant Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 Auto Electric Power Plant Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 Auto Electric Power Plant Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.15.5 Auto Electric Power Plant Recent Development
7.16 Schneider Electric
7.16.1 Schneider Electric Company Information
7.16.2 Schneider Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 Schneider Electric Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Schneider Electric Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.16.5 Schneider Electric Recent Development
7.17 Nitto Kogyo
7.17.1 Nitto Kogyo Company Information
7.17.2 Nitto Kogyo Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 Nitto Kogyo Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Nitto Kogyo Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.17.5 Nitto Kogyo Recent Development
7.18 Panasonic
7.18.1 Panasonic Company Information
7.18.2 Panasonic Introduction and Business Overview
7.18.3 Panasonic Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.18.4 Panasonic Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.18.5 Panasonic Recent Development
7.19 Toyota Home
7.19.1 Toyota Home Company Information
7.19.2 Toyota Home Introduction and Business Overview
7.19.3 Toyota Home Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.19.4 Toyota Home Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.19.5 Toyota Home Recent Development
7.20 Kawamura Electric
7.20.1 Kawamura Electric Company Information
7.20.2 Kawamura Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.20.3 Kawamura Electric Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.20.4 Kawamura Electric Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Product Offerings
7.20.5 Kawamura Electric Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Industrial Chain
8.2 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Electric Vehicle Rapid Charger Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.2 Data Source
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer