Abstract
Summary
The global market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was estimated to be worth US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Europe market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The global key companies of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) include Nouryon, China Energy, Korea Gas Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Mitsubishi Corporation, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group, Oberon Fuels, Fuel DME Production and Grillo-Werke AG, etc. In 2023, the global five largest players hold a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME), focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Kiloton) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME).
Market Segmentation
By Company
Nouryon
China Energy
Korea Gas Corporation
Royal Dutch Shell PLC
Mitsubishi Corporation
Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group
Oberon Fuels
Fuel DME Production
Grillo-Werke AG
Guangdong JOVO Group
Segment by Type:
Gas Solid Method (Two Phase Method)
Liquid Phase (Three Phase Bed) Method
Segment by Application
LPG Blending
Aerosol Propellants
Transportation Fuel
Industrial
Other
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (valve, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
North American market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Europe market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) was valued at $ million in 2023 and will reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
The global key companies of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) include Nouryon, China Energy, Korea Gas Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Mitsubishi Corporation, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group, Oberon Fuels, Fuel DME Production and Grillo-Werke AG, etc. In 2023, the global five largest players hold a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME), focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Kiloton) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME).
Market Segmentation
By Company
Nouryon
China Energy
Korea Gas Corporation
Royal Dutch Shell PLC
Mitsubishi Corporation
Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group
Oberon Fuels
Fuel DME Production
Grillo-Werke AG
Guangdong JOVO Group
Segment by Type:
Gas Solid Method (Two Phase Method)
Liquid Phase (Three Phase Bed) Method
Segment by Application
LPG Blending
Aerosol Propellants
Transportation Fuel
Industrial
Other
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (valve, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
1.1 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Introduction
1.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value (2019-2030)
1.2.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume (2019-2030)
1.2.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Price (2019-2030)
1.3 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Industry Trends
1.3.2 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Challenges
1.3.4 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Players Revenue Ranking (2023)
2.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Players Sales Volume Ranking (2023)
2.4 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Company Players (2019-2024)
2.5 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Average Price by Company (2019-2024)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME)
2.9 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Market Concentration Rate (2019-2024)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Revenue in 2023
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) as of 2023)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 Gas Solid Method (Two Phase Method)
3.1.2 Liquid Phase (Three Phase Bed) Method
3.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
3.2.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, by Type (2019-2030)
3.2.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, by Type (%) (2019-2030)
3.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
3.3.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume, by Type (2019-2030)
3.3.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2019-2030)
3.4 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 LPG Blending
4.1.2 Aerosol Propellants
4.1.3 Transportation Fuel
4.1.4 Industrial
4.1.5 Other
4.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.2.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, by Application (2019-2030)
4.2.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, by Application (%) (2019-2030)
4.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.3.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume, by Application (2019-2030)
4.3.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2019-2030)
4.4 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
5.1.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Region (2019-2024)
5.1.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Region (2025-2030)
5.1.4 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Region (%), (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
5.2.2 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Region (2025-2030)
5.2.4 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume by Region (%), (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.4.2 North America Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.5.2 Europe Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.7.2 South America Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Country (%), 2023 VS 2030
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value Growth Trends, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Volume, 2019-2030
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.3.2 United States Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.3.3 United States Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.4.2 Europe Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.4.3 Europe Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.5.2 China Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.5.3 China Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.6.2 Japan Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.6.3 Japan Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.7.2 South Korea Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.7.3 South Korea Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value, 2019-2030
6.9.2 India Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Type (%), 2023 VS 2030
6.9.3 India Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Value by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7 Company Profiles
7.1 Nouryon
7.1.1 Nouryon Company Information
7.1.2 Nouryon Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 Nouryon Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Nouryon Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.1.5 Nouryon Recent Development
7.2 China Energy
7.2.1 China Energy Company Information
7.2.2 China Energy Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 China Energy Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 China Energy Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.2.5 China Energy Recent Development
7.3 Korea Gas Corporation
7.3.1 Korea Gas Corporation Company Information
7.3.2 Korea Gas Corporation Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 Korea Gas Corporation Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Korea Gas Corporation Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.3.5 Korea Gas Corporation Recent Development
7.4 Royal Dutch Shell PLC
7.4.1 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Company Information
7.4.2 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.4.5 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Recent Development
7.5 Mitsubishi Corporation
7.5.1 Mitsubishi Corporation Company Information
7.5.2 Mitsubishi Corporation Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 Mitsubishi Corporation Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Mitsubishi Corporation Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.5.5 Mitsubishi Corporation Recent Development
7.6 Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group
7.6.1 Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group Company Information
7.6.2 Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.6.5 Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group Recent Development
7.7 Oberon Fuels
7.7.1 Oberon Fuels Company Information
7.7.2 Oberon Fuels Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Oberon Fuels Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Oberon Fuels Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.7.5 Oberon Fuels Recent Development
7.8 Fuel DME Production
7.8.1 Fuel DME Production Company Information
7.8.2 Fuel DME Production Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Fuel DME Production Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Fuel DME Production Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.8.5 Fuel DME Production Recent Development
7.9 Grillo-Werke AG
7.9.1 Grillo-Werke AG Company Information
7.9.2 Grillo-Werke AG Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 Grillo-Werke AG Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Grillo-Werke AG Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.9.5 Grillo-Werke AG Recent Development
7.10 Guangdong JOVO Group
7.10.1 Guangdong JOVO Group Company Information
7.10.2 Guangdong JOVO Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Guangdong JOVO Group Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 Guangdong JOVO Group Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Product Offerings
7.10.5 Guangdong JOVO Group Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Industrial Chain
8.2 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Bio-based & Synthetic Dimethyl Ether (DME) Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.2 Data Source
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer