Abstract
Summary
Railway Grease is a semisolid lubricant used in in the rail transport sector, which can reduce the friction at the rail-wheel interface, extend rail and wheel life, reduce fuel consumption and reduce wheel squeeze. Grease generally consists of a soap emulsified with mineral or vegetable oil. The characteristic feature of greases is that they possess a high initial viscosity, which upon the application of shear, drops to give the effect of an oil-lubricated bearing of approximately the same viscosity as the base oil used in the grease.
The global Railway Grease market is projected to reach US$ 368.5 million by 2030 from an estimated US$ 345.1 million in 2024, at a CAGR of 1.1% during 2024 and 2030.
The major players in global Railway Grease market include Shell, CNPC, Exxon Mobil, etc. The top 3 players occupy about 30% shares of the global market. Asia Pacific and Europe are main markets, they occupy about 70% of the global market. Lithium Grease is the main type, with a share about 80%. Industrial Production Consumption is the main application, which holds a share about 60%.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Railway Grease, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyse their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Railway Grease.
The Railway Grease market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K MT) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Railway Grease market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Railway Grease manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, sales volume, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Shell
Exxon Mobil
BP
Chevron
Total
SKF
CITGO
Fuchs
Petro-Canada
Timken
Kyodo Yushi
Lukoil
Plews/Edelmann
Klueber
Sinopec
CNPC
CRM
Segment by Type
Lithium Grease
Calcium Crease
Other Grease
Segment by Application
Rail Curves
Rail Switch Plates and Turnouts
Bearings & Wheels
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by Type and by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Sales (consumption), revenue of Railway Grease in global and regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Railway Grease manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Railway Grease sales, revenue, price, gross margin, sales by region, by Type, by Application, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: North America by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 8: APAC by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 9: Europe by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Latin America by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors, and customers.
Chapter 13: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 14: Research Findings and Conclusion.
The global Railway Grease market is projected to reach US$ 368.5 million by 2030 from an estimated US$ 345.1 million in 2024, at a CAGR of 1.1% during 2024 and 2030.
The major players in global Railway Grease market include Shell, CNPC, Exxon Mobil, etc. The top 3 players occupy about 30% shares of the global market. Asia Pacific and Europe are main markets, they occupy about 70% of the global market. Lithium Grease is the main type, with a share about 80%. Industrial Production Consumption is the main application, which holds a share about 60%.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Railway Grease, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyse their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Railway Grease.
The Railway Grease market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K MT) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Railway Grease market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Railway Grease manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, sales volume, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Shell
Exxon Mobil
BP
Chevron
Total
SKF
CITGO
Fuchs
Petro-Canada
Timken
Kyodo Yushi
Lukoil
Plews/Edelmann
Klueber
Sinopec
CNPC
CRM
Segment by Type
Lithium Grease
Calcium Crease
Other Grease
Segment by Application
Rail Curves
Rail Switch Plates and Turnouts
Bearings & Wheels
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by Type and by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Sales (consumption), revenue of Railway Grease in global and regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Railway Grease manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Railway Grease sales, revenue, price, gross margin, sales by region, by Type, by Application, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: North America by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 8: APAC by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 9: Europe by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Latin America by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors, and customers.
Chapter 13: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 14: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Railway Grease Product Introduction
1.2 Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Railway Grease Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
1.2.2 Lithium Grease
1.2.3 Calcium Crease
1.2.4 Other Grease
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Railway Grease Market Size Growth Rate by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
1.3.2 Rail Curves
1.3.3 Rail Switch Plates and Turnouts
1.3.4 Bearings & Wheels
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Railway Grease Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
2.1.1 Global Railway Grease Revenue 2019-2030
2.1.2 Global Railway Grease Sales 2019-2030
2.2 Railway Grease Market Size by Region: 2023 Versus 2030
2.3 Railway Grease Sales by Region (2019-2030)
2.3.1 Global Railway Grease Sales by Region: 2019-2024
2.3.2 Global Railway Grease Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
2.3.3 Global Railway Grease Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
2.4 Railway Grease Market Estimates and Projections by Region (2025-2030)
2.4.1 Global Railway Grease Revenue by Region: 2019-2024
2.4.2 Global Railway Grease Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
2.4.3 Global Railway Grease Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3 Global Railway Grease by Manufacturers
3.1 Global Top Railway Grease Manufacturers by Sales
3.1.1 Global Railway Grease Sales by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.1.2 Global Railway Grease Sales Market Share by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Top Railway Grease Manufacturers by Revenue
3.2.1 Global Railway Grease Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Railway Grease Revenue Share by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Railway Grease Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.4 Competitive Landscape
3.4.1 Key Railway Grease Manufacturers Covered: Ranking by Revenue
3.4.2 Global Railway Grease Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) & (2019-2024)
3.4.3 Global Railway Grease Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
3.5 Global Railway Grease Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Type
3.5.1 Railway Grease Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters
3.5.2 Manufacturers Railway Grease Product Type
3.5.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Railway Grease Market
3.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Company Profiles
4.1 Shell
4.1.1 Shell Company Information
4.1.2 Shell Description, Business Overview
4.1.3 Shell Railway Grease Products Offered
4.1.4 Shell Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.1.5 Shell Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.1.6 Shell Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.1.7 Shell Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.1.8 Shell Recent Developments
4.2 Exxon Mobil
4.2.1 Exxon Mobil Company Information
4.2.2 Exxon Mobil Description, Business Overview
4.2.3 Exxon Mobil Railway Grease Products Offered
4.2.4 Exxon Mobil Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.2.5 Exxon Mobil Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.2.6 Exxon Mobil Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.2.7 Exxon Mobil Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.2.8 Exxon Mobil Recent Developments
4.3 BP
4.3.1 BP Company Information
4.3.2 BP Description, Business Overview
4.3.3 BP Railway Grease Products Offered
4.3.4 BP Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.3.5 BP Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.3.6 BP Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.3.7 BP Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.3.8 BP Recent Developments
4.4 Chevron
4.4.1 Chevron Company Information
4.4.2 Chevron Description, Business Overview
4.4.3 Chevron Railway Grease Products Offered
4.4.4 Chevron Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.4.5 Chevron Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.4.6 Chevron Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.4.7 Chevron Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.4.8 Chevron Recent Developments
4.5 Total
4.5.1 Total Company Information
4.5.2 Total Description, Business Overview
4.5.3 Total Railway Grease Products Offered
4.5.4 Total Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.5.5 Total Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.5.6 Total Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.5.7 Total Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.5.8 Total Recent Developments
4.6 SKF
4.6.1 SKF Company Information
4.6.2 SKF Description, Business Overview
4.6.3 SKF Railway Grease Products Offered
4.6.4 SKF Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.6.5 SKF Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.6.6 SKF Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.6.7 SKF Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.6.8 SKF Recent Development
4.7 CITGO
4.7.1 CITGO Company Information
4.7.2 CITGO Description, Business Overview
4.7.3 CITGO Railway Grease Products Offered
4.7.4 CITGO Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.7.5 CITGO Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.7.6 CITGO Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.7.7 CITGO Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.7.8 CITGO Recent Development
4.8 Fuchs
4.8.1 Fuchs Company Information
4.8.2 Fuchs Description, Business Overview
4.8.3 Fuchs Railway Grease Products Offered
4.8.4 Fuchs Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.8.5 Fuchs Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.8.6 Fuchs Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.8.7 Fuchs Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.8.8 Fuchs Recent Development
4.9 Petro-Canada
4.9.1 Petro-Canada Company Information
4.9.2 Petro-Canada Description, Business Overview
4.9.3 Petro-Canada Railway Grease Products Offered
4.9.4 Petro-Canada Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.9.5 Petro-Canada Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.9.6 Petro-Canada Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.9.7 Petro-Canada Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.9.8 Petro-Canada Recent Development
4.10 Timken
4.10.1 Timken Company Information
4.10.2 Timken Description, Business Overview
4.10.3 Timken Railway Grease Products Offered
4.10.4 Timken Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.10.5 Timken Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.10.6 Timken Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.10.7 Timken Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.10.8 Timken Recent Development
4.11 Kyodo Yushi
4.11.1 Kyodo Yushi Company Information
4.11.2 Kyodo Yushi Description, Business Overview
4.11.3 Kyodo Yushi Railway Grease Products Offered
4.11.4 Kyodo Yushi Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.11.5 Kyodo Yushi Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.11.6 Kyodo Yushi Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.11.7 Kyodo Yushi Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.11.8 Kyodo Yushi Recent Development
4.12 Lukoil
4.12.1 Lukoil Company Information
4.12.2 Lukoil Description, Business Overview
4.12.3 Lukoil Railway Grease Products Offered
4.12.4 Lukoil Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.12.5 Lukoil Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.12.6 Lukoil Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.12.7 Lukoil Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.12.8 Lukoil Recent Development
4.13 Plews/Edelmann
4.13.1 Plews/Edelmann Company Information
4.13.2 Plews/Edelmann Description, Business Overview
4.13.3 Plews/Edelmann Railway Grease Products Offered
4.13.4 Plews/Edelmann Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.13.5 Plews/Edelmann Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.13.6 Plews/Edelmann Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.13.7 Plews/Edelmann Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.13.8 Plews/Edelmann Recent Development
4.14 Klueber
4.14.1 Klueber Company Information
4.14.2 Klueber Description, Business Overview
4.14.3 Klueber Railway Grease Products Offered
4.14.4 Klueber Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.14.5 Klueber Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.14.6 Klueber Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.14.7 Klueber Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.14.8 Klueber Recent Development
4.15 Sinopec
4.15.1 Sinopec Company Information
4.15.2 Sinopec Description, Business Overview
4.15.3 Sinopec Railway Grease Products Offered
4.15.4 Sinopec Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.15.5 Sinopec Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.15.6 Sinopec Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.15.7 Sinopec Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.15.8 Sinopec Recent Development
4.16 CNPC
4.16.1 CNPC Company Information
4.16.2 CNPC Description, Business Overview
4.16.3 CNPC Railway Grease Products Offered
4.16.4 CNPC Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.16.5 CNPC Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.16.6 CNPC Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.16.7 CNPC Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.16.8 CNPC Recent Development
4.17 CRM
4.17.1 CRM Company Information
4.17.2 CRM Description, Business Overview
4.17.3 CRM Railway Grease Products Offered
4.17.4 CRM Railway Grease Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.17.5 CRM Railway Grease Sales by Product in 2023
4.17.6 CRM Railway Grease Sales by Application in 2023
4.17.7 CRM Railway Grease Sales by Geographic Area in 2023
4.17.8 CRM Recent Development
5 Breakdown Data by Type
5.1 Global Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Railway Grease Sales Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Railway Grease Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Railway Grease Revenue Forecast by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Railway Grease Revenue by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Railway Grease Revenue Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Railway Grease Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Railway Grease Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2019-2030)
6 Breakdown Data by Application
6.1 Global Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Railway Grease Sales Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Railway Grease Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Railway Grease Revenue Forecast by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Railway Grease Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Railway Grease Revenue Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Railway Grease Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Railway Grease Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
7.1 North America Railway Grease Market Size YoY Growth 2019-2030
7.2 North America Railway Grease Market Facts & Figures by Country
7.2.1 North America Railway Grease Sales by Country (2019-2030)
7.2.2 North America Railway Grease Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
7.3 North America Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2024)
7.4 North America Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2024)
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Railway Grease Market Size YoY Growth 2019-2030
8.2 Asia-Pacific Railway Grease Market Facts & Figures by Region
8.2.1 Asia-Pacific Railway Grease Sales by Region (2019-2030)
8.2.2 Asia-Pacific Railway Grease Revenue by Region (2019-2030)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2024)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2024)
9 Europe
9.1 Europe Railway Grease Market Size YoY Growth 2019-2030
9.2 Europe Railway Grease Market Facts & Figures by Country
9.2.1 Europe Railway Grease Sales by Country (2019-2030)
9.2.2 Europe Railway Grease Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
9.3 Europe Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2024)
9.4 Europe Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2024)
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America Railway Grease Market Size YoY Growth 2019-2030
10.2 Latin America Railway Grease Market Facts & Figures by Country
10.2.1 Latin America Railway Grease Sales by Country (2019-2030)
10.2.2 Latin America Railway Grease Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
10.3 Latin America Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2024)
10.4 Latin America Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2024)
11 Middle East and Africa
11.1 Middle East and Africa Railway Grease Market Size YoY Growth 2019-2030
11.2 Middle East and Africa Railway Grease Market Facts & Figures by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Railway Grease Sales by Country (2019-2030)
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Railway Grease Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
11.3 Middle East and Africa Railway Grease Sales by Type (2019-2024)
11.4 Middle East and Africa Railway Grease Sales by Application (2019-2024)
12 Supply Chain and Sales Channel Analysis
12.1 Railway Grease Supply Chain Analysis
12.2 Railway Grease Key Raw Materials and Upstream Suppliers
12.3 Railway Grease Clients Analysis
12.4 Railway Grease Sales Channel and Sales Model Analysis
12.4.1 Railway Grease Distribution Channel Analysis: Indirect Sales VS Direct Sales
12.4.2 Railway Grease Distribution Channel Analysis: Online Sales VS Offline Sales
12.4.3 Railway Grease Distributors
13 Market Dynamics
13.1 Railway Grease Industry Trends
13.2 Railway Grease Market Drivers
13.3 Railway Grease Market Challenges
13.4 Railway Grease Market Restraints
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Research Methodology
15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.2 Data Source
15.2 Author Details
15.3 Disclaimer